Nowadays you have wide range of options and there is not a single stream, which does not offer good career prospects. Decision to go for one is extremely difficult. Like any other choice you make, here also you have to finally rely on your inner guidance. Obviously this choice will have impact on your entire life, so be little more careful. Expert guidance can help you to know more about the career options and their viability in long run.
A right decision can help you to excel and realize your dream in more creative and satisfying way. After all life is an opportunity to learn and express that learning in most practical manner.
Undergraduate/PG Courses
Eligibility: 10+2 with PCM/UG Degree
Course
Admissions
Job Opportunities
UG Courses
B.E/B.Tech
in
Aerospace Engg.
Agricultural Engg.
Ceramic Engg.
Chemical Engg.
Civil Engg.
Comp. Sc. & Engg.
Electrical Engg.
Energy Engg.
Mechanical Engg.
Instrumentation Engg.
Metallurgical Engg.
Mining Engg.
Textile Engg.
Biotechnology Engg.
B.Arch
PG Courses
M.E./M.Tech in
Aerospace Engg.
Agricultural Engg.
Ceramic Engg.
Chemical Engg.
Civil Engg.
Comp. Sc. & Engg.
Electrical Engg.
Energy Engg.
Mechanical Engg.
Instrumentation Engg.
Metallurgical Engg.
Mining Engg.
Textile Engg.
Architectural Engg.
Biotechnology
For UG Program
· IIT-JEE (Entrance)
For IIT, IIITM, NIFFT, IT-BHU, ISM Dhanbad
· AIEEE (Entrance)
For 17 National Institute of Technology, IIITM and quota in all state level colleges
* Pre-Engineering Test at states level
For PG Program
* Through GATE/Merit Basis
In different industries as
* Aeronautical Engineer
* Agricultural Engineer
* Ceramic Engineer
* Chemical Engineer
* Civil Engineer
* Computer Engineer
* Electrical Engineer
* Energy Engineer
* Mechanical Engineer
* Instrumentation Engineer
* Metallurgical Engineer
* Mining Engineer
* Textile Engineer
* Biotech Engineer
For Aeronautical Engineer in Aircraft Industry, Agriculture Engineer in Agro Industry, Watershed Management, agricultural machinery manufacturing organizations, Ceramic Engineering in Defense Establishments, Iron, Glass, Steel, Cement, Porcelain and special ceramic manufacturing industries, Chemical Engineer in the design, development, fabrication, production and control of chemical and processing plants, Civil Engineer in design, construction, and maintenance, Computer Engineer in system design and manufacturing industries as well as in management services and data processing departments, Electrical Engineer in the industries dealing with design, manufacture and application of electronic devices and equipments, communication system, Energy Engineer in the industry dealing in current energy technology, Instrumentation Engineer in steel plants, fertilizer units, refineries, power stations, Mechanical Engineer in almost every industry including power plants, Metallurgical Engineer in steel plants, foundries, rolling mills, Mining Engineer in mining industry, Textile Engineer in textile industry, Biotech Engineer in biotech industry dealing in the development of DNA chip technology, improvement in agriculture, crop, livestock as well as drug development and manufacturing etc. It also helps to go for further studies and make eligible to appear in Civil Service and various other examinations.
UG Course
B.C.A
PG Course
MCA
For UG Program
· College Level Entrance/Merit Basis
For PG Program
* AIMCET (All India MCA Common Entrance Test conducted by IIT Roorkee)
* AICET (Proposed)
* Pre MCA Entrance Test At State Level
In IT and other organizations dealing in
* System Analysis
* Software Development
* Web-Based Applications
* Artificial Intelligence
* Computer Graphics
* Application Programming
* System programming
* Data Base Designing
* Animation
* Network Administration
* Internet Communication
* Multimedia
* Chip Designing
* Database Administration
* ‘C’ Programming
* Computer Education etc.
As Lecturer/Professor in
* College
* School
For Graduates and Post Graduates in Computer Applications job opportunities exist in the IT industry dealing in network administration, internet communication, multimedia, database administration, ‘C’ programming, software development, web based applications, artificial intelligence, computer graphics, and fundamental computer science knowledge. It also helps to go for further studies and make eligible to appear in Civil Service and various other examinations.
For UG Course
BBA
For PG Course
M.B.A.
In
Finance
IT
Marketing
HRD
Insurance
Biotechnology
For UG Program
* College Level Entrance/Merit Basis
For PG Program
· CAT (Common Entrance Test for 6 IIMs, total seats-1250)
· MAT (All India Entrance Test for more than 250 colleges)
* State Level Entrance Test (MPMJET, CET, UPMCAT etc.)
* Entrance Test for 7 NIFTs (conducted by Central Govt.)
.
In the industries dealing with
* Information Technology
* Consumer Goods
* Biotechnology
* Pharmaceuticals
* Insurance and Banking
* Automobiles
* Finance and Marketing
* Oil and Gas etc.
For Graduates and Post Graduates in Business Administration doors are open in the organizations dealing in Information Technology, Pharmaceutical, Insurance and Banking, Biotechnology, Automobiles, Oil and Gas, Consumer Goods, Education Sector, Finance and Marketing etc. It also helps to go for further studies and make eligible to appear in Civil Service and various other examinations.
UG Course
B.Sc.
In
Comp. Science
Information -Technology
PCM
PG Course
M.Sc. in
IT
CS
Physics
Mathematics
Chemistry
For UG/PG
Program
· College/University Level Entrance /Merit Basis
In Educational and Research Institutes as
* Lecturer
* Professor
* Research Associates
* Lab Technicians
* PC Maintenance Technician
* Desktop Technician
* Networking Technician
* Research and Development
* Scientist
B.Sc. and M.Sc. in CS, IT and also PCM with diploma in computer opens job avenues in Education Sector as well as in organizations dealing in IT as lab technician, pc maintenance technician, Desktop technician, networking technician etc. It helps to go for further studies and make eligible to appear in Civil Service and various other examinations.
UG Course
B.P.Ed.
PG Course
M.P.Ed.
For UG Program
· College Level Entrance/Merit Basis
For PG Program
* College/University Level Entrance/Merit Basis
As Sports Officer in
* College
* School
* Fitness Centers
* Industries
In Educational Institutes as sports officer. It helps to go for further studies and make eligible to appear in Civil Service and various other examinations.
Undergraduate/PG Courses
Eligibility: 10+2 with PCB/UG Degree
Course
Admissions
Job Opportunities
MBBS
BDS
BAMS
BHMS
B.PHARMA
PG Course
MD
M.Pharma
For UG Program
· AIPMT
For All India Admissions
· PMT
For State Level Admissions
There are many Medical Colleges who conduct direct entrance test viz. JIPMER, Pondicherry,
AIIMS, New Delhi, AFMC, Pune,
IMS, BHU; etc.
For PG Program
* All India/State Level Entrance Test
As medical practitioner in
* Private Hospitals
* Govt. Hospitals
* Independent Clinic
As Research Scientist in
* Pharmaceutical Companies
* Research and Development
UG Course
B.Sc.
With
Biotechnology
Microbiology
Biochemistry
Biology
Medical Microbiology
PG Course
M.Sc. in
Biotechnology
Microbiology
Biochemistry
Biology
Genetics
Medical Non-Clinical Biochemistry/Microbiology
Medical Biotechnology
Marine Biotechnology
For UG/PG Program
· College/University Level Entrance/Merit Basis
Colleges affiliated with more than 240 Universities offer these courses.
As Research Scientist in the Industries dealing in
* Genome Analysis
* Bio Medicine
* Pharmaceutical
* Metal Extraction
* Animal Husbandry
* Agriculture Crops
* Sericulture
* Aquaculture
* Bio-Fertilizers
* Biological Pest Control
* DNA Finger Printing
* Protein Engineering
* Solid Waste Management
* Genetic Engineering
* Marine Biotechnology
As Lecturer/ Professor in
* Colleges
* Schools
Graduates and Post Graduates in life science stream have immense job opportunities as research scientist in Agriculture industry for development of crop varieties with higher yield, great resistance to stresses and higher nutritional value, in Health Sector for development of genetically engineered vaccines, immunodiagnostic kits for early detection of diseases, antibiotics, etc; in Metal Industry for extraction of metals by microbial methods, enrichments of ores etc; in Animal Husbandry for development of improved breed etc; and also in the industries and research organizations dealing in sericulture, aquaculture, bio-fertilizers, biological pest control, solid waste management, rational drug design, DNA finger printing, genome analysis, protein engineering etc.
UG Course B.P.T.
For UG Program · Merit Basis
As physiotherapist in
* Private Hospitals
* Govt. Hospitals
* Independent Clinic
UG Course
BMLT.
For UG Program
* Merit Basis
As medical lab technician in
* Pharmaceutical industry
* Pathology labs
Undergraduate/PG Courses
Eligibility: 10+2 with Commerce/UG Degree
Course
Admissions
Job Opportunities
For UG Course
BBA
For PG Course
M.B.A.
in
Finance
IT
Marketing
HRD
Insurance
Biotechnology
For UG Program
* College Level Entrance/Merit Basis
For PG Program
· CAT (Common Entrance Test for 6 IIMs, total seats-1250)
· MAT (All India Entrance Test for more than 250 colleges)
* State Level Entrance Test (MPMJET, CET, UPMCAT etc.)
* Entrance Test for 7 NIFTs (conducted by Central Govt.)
.
In the industries dealing with
* Information Technology
* Consumer Goods
* Biotechnology
* Pharmaceuticals
* Insurance and Banking
* Automobiles
* Finance and Marketing
* Oil and Gas etc.
For Graduates and Post Graduates in Business Administration doors are open in the organizations dealing in Information Technology, Pharmaceutical, Insurance and Banking, Automobiles, Oil and Gas, Consumer Goods, Education Sector, Finance and Marketing etc. It also helps to go for further studies and make eligible to appear in Civil Service and various other examinations.
UG Course
B.Com.
PG Course
M.Com.
For UG/PG Program
· College Level Entrance/Merit Basis
In
* Insurance Sector
* Banking Sector
* Finance Companies
Commerce graduates/post graduates have job opportunities as assistant accountant, marketing executive, and product consultant in private insurance, finance and banking sector. It also helps to go for further studies and make eligible to appear in Civil Service and various entrance and competitive examinations.
Undergraduate Courses
Eligibility: 10+2 with any discipline
Course
Admissions
Job Opportunities
UG Course
Bachelor in Tourism Management
Bachelor in Hospitality Management
For UG Program
* Institute Level Entrance
In
* Air Industry
* Hotel Industry
* Tourism Industry
Graduate in hospitality and tourism management has job opportunities in air industry, hotel industry and tourism industry. It also helps to go for further studies and make eligible to appear in Civil Service and various entrance and competitive examinations.
UG Course
L.L.B
PG Course
LLM
For UG/PG Program
* College Level Entrance/Merit Basis
As
* Advocate
* Judge
Law graduate can start private practice. It also helps to go for further studies and make eligible to appear in Civil Service and various entrance and competitive examinations.
NDA
CDS/SSB
After 10+2
After Graduation/PG
As officer in
* Defense Services
Saturday, July 10, 2010
Potential of Agricultural and Allied Graduate
They consist of various disciplines including veterinary, horticulture, sericulture, forestry, floriculture and a number of other sub-disciplines as plantation crops, medicinal herbs, mushroom, seed production, dairy production, agri-management and like. A number of Government department in India employ agricultural and allied graduates. The mode of recruitment is through respective State & Central Govt. public service commissions.
Beside professional employment, the agricultural graduates can compete in the national or State administrative or financial and allied services. Similarly many banks, insurance companies, private industries, private concerns and development companies. The NGO do also employ agricultural and allied graduates. The graduates have to go through employment new and other professional Journals through Radio, TV and both central and State Govts. also give advertisements. A vast number of professional, managerial and industry related advanced courses after agri or allied graduation are also advertised. They include business management, financial management or related disciplines in corporate sector. A diploma in mass media, computers or even commerce shall fetch a graduate additional employment chances in Govt. and private sectors. Opportunities in foreign countries for agri-graduates are also there, however this would need diploma in international agriculture and a driving licence besides a passport.
For graduates a number of courses are available for Masters. Even on date we have 1/3rd positions vacant in SAU and ICAR Institutes, for which annually ARS examination is being held by Agriculture Scientists Recruitment Board. The recruitment to scientists and Assistant professors is open to all M.Sc /M.V.Sc or allied post graduates and Ph.D holders. Ministry of Agriculture in collaboration with NABARD and other banks have launched Agri-business Agri clinic courses. They are 3 months courses on the job training to Agri-graduates free of cost. In fact all the expenses are borne by the Agri-business school. A network of such training schools have been established. We have also a dozen in J&K. There is a strong future for agri-graduates in private sector. They can set up crop, fruit nurseries or open seed sale and production centres. We have a number of successful agri-graduates earning more than Rs. 20,000/- a month in various parts of the valley. The whole agricultural and allied sector has a strong employment generation potential. We have identified 15 such agri business ventures, which can be profitable employment ventures. A great potential of employment is hidden in Nursery plants for fruits and vegetables. An investment of Rs. 30,000/- per year may give a net profit of Rs. 2 lakh per annum.
Australia also provides many jobs like in Europe and USA for Indian Agri-graduates. The respective embassies or the internet employment advertise many help Agri graduates. For Australia information can be had on www.dookie. Uniemb.ed.am/. More personal information can be had on phone 0427355721 or email saparker@uniemeb.edu.an. Likewise many websites are available around the globe and in India too. New ventures financed by banks are Agri.biotechnologies and precision farming for organic Agriculture.
Agricultural development over years has been the result of continuous agri skill generation and its popularization. The earliest agriculture was animal domestication. Over thousands of years man domesticated wild fowl, dog, goat and smaller animals, whom he could overpower easily and subjugate to his sub-ordination. Agriculture thus since beginning has been the results of trails, experiments and experiences over years, learned first though behavioral changes, psychic reoccurrences, memories passed through parents to children and later on through doing and learning and now through sharing experiences and writing them or dotting them as an Entrepreneurship concern.
Entrepreneurship concept
The Entrepreneurship adds economic profits and cost-benefit ratios to Agricultural Output. Entrepreneurship is dominated by four factors like:
a. Social changes
b. Support system availability
c. Resource base and its utilization
d. Self confidence, exploration work capacity and intellectual potency.
An entrepreneur has to have a thinking of his own, a capacity building interest in acquiring needed technique. An explorative and analytic faculties to judge the way of procuring cheap raw material. He must be equipped with “knowledge” and mindset to use and benefit out of it.
Farm Business
A potential entrepreneurship must strive from getting maximum output. Decades back agricultural development and industrial setups was a public sponsored and heavily subsidized but over time “knowledge” explosion in Indian Agriculture, have brought us on threshold of a system, where wide distances exist between industry and farm business. Where huge subsidies are benefiting Agro-Industrialists. The Farmers who use fertilizers or agro-chemical are crushed under economic pressures. The gaps between technology generated and technology use at farmers door is increasing day after day. The farm technology adoption rates are not more than 20-30% by any higher prospective.
The use of information and communication technology (I&CT) for reducing the gaps and increasing productivity is the need of the hour (Wani, 2005). The modern technology and knowledge flow is fast expanding and bringing change. It demands more educated and trained farmers. Our education system has produced more literates but not educationally trained youth to earn their own bread. They after attaining graduation in agriculture and allied sectors, beg for job. The system has to be corrected to make these graduates as employers and not employees. I wrote a treatise in 1992, emphasizing a system where our agriculture graduates should be employers not employees. Germans are smart to have Farmers school, Farmer business training institutes, practical agri-farmers training centres and like, where every farmer or animal husbandry man is essentially a trained fellow. The banking system is so organized that they are on the door of convocation hall to sell their agri-business and agri-clinics packages to graduates, without any investments. Banks are so smart, that they have surveyed the villages who need vets or agri-graduates or have attained land and all facilitation, so that agricultural or veterinary or even other medico-biological graduates are used as bank investment. This is what is envisaged in India under agri-clinic, Agribusiness venture. We have trainings not in the hands of banks but with universities. There is practically little interaction between universities or banks or employers.
Success of Agribusiness:
A poor liaison and support system between Govt. banking and University culture has made this otherwise an remunerative and lucerative programmes into a failure inspite of its personal monitoring by PMO. We visited Bandipora district and unregistered Agriclinic graduates were earning a handsome salary, more than the Rahbar-e-zerat or Agriculture Asstt. Agribusiness viz sale of pesticides, cattle feed, poultry feed and agri-extension services were common. At a small village in Papchan, one agri graduate Mr. Iqbal Shah earns Rs. 10,000/- per month by selling the services and input. At a distance of few kms in the same district one Mr. Khyatlani owns a big poultry farm and earns around Rs. 20,000/- per month. Both these entrepreneurs employ 2-3 persons at present. Similarly, the success shown by one Mr. Shah at Malangam in Agri products and pesticide sale and one Mr. Bhat in Dairy production and milk product sale earn a handsome income besides generating employment for poor. All these agricultural graduates have started their own business concerns without any bank or university help.
Farmer as Entrepreneur
Indian Farming and farmer has to change if proper WTO recommendation and GATT agreements are to be followed. The present day poultry scenario is emerging as high profile agri-business in India. The conversion of poultry farmer’s into poultry entrepreneurs shall make the present day 6% contribution of poultry products from India and China to 25% share of Global market. This when translated into action shall increase employment generation by manifolds. The introduction of rural based Vanraja, Gramapriya, Giriraja, Cari Gold and vast other locally grown varieties of poultry have adopted well to our agri-rural base. The market acceptability is higher than exotic poultry concerns. Free-rang-poultry is like BT cotton hybrid spreading through villages of India and assuring high returns and exports (wani, 2007).
Poultry as Agri-business
Dr. Gordon Butland, president of Global poultry strategies presents “Backyard poultry production” as a tool of alleviating poverty and malnutrition. We have tried to distribute “birds” under free-range system in all our KVK’s, our results were excellent and income generation was totally in favour of the Agri-business and agri-clinics.
This all will need the involvement of Agri-Veterinary and food processing technocrats to develop rural-based establishments so as to foster export and fast returns.
Holistic Vision for Livestock Enterprise
Improving income, employment and self-reliance among educated graduates and un-employed youth especially women needs fostering community development, women empowerment, environmental protection. Rural-based backyard poultry subscribes to all these norms and could be a rich resource for developing agri-entrepreneurship. Govt. of India is liberally financing such agri-business ventures. Some of the success stories in animal husbandry section can be reproduced as follows:
Backyard poultry and incubation
Though the Vanraja are the most suitable for back yard poultry, they do not have habit of broodiness. There is a problem among the farmer to get a broody hen in all season. KVK solve this problem of hatching by installing small unit of hatchery. Every month 15-20 farmers are benefited by purchasing chicks for backyard poultry. There are 200 back yard poultry units of Vanraja. Each farmer is rearing 10 to 25 in the backyard. There is a good demand and response for the chicks and eggs of Vanraja. KVKs are now planning to expand this entrepreneurship by Agri-graduates .
Semi-stall-fed Goat Rearing
KVK’s made an intervention to improve this enterprise by conducting short duration training programmes for rural youth. Similarly exposure visit were organized on goat feed, breed and health management. More emphasis was given on Osmanabadi goat and up-gradation in selected non-descript goat breed by osmanabadi pure buck and given the knowledge about semi stallfed goat rearing concept. This experience in Andra Pradesh shows a great potential for agri-graduates own business.
Broiler Production
A KVK has conducted training programmes for 165 trainees. Due to training and demonstrations awareness was increased about contract farming in broiler production with private sector which provide chicks, feed and medicine and after 40 days purchases them back. They acquired skills through learning by doing at KVK demonstration unit and earned money. The technology has been adopted by 10 percent of youths now in the radius of 20 km. There are 27 poultry units having capacity of 5000-10000 poultry birds on contract farming basis. These self employed rural youth earning Rs 10000-15000 per lot.
A seminar-cum-farmer’s meet was arranged at SKUAST-K on 26- 27th of Oct.2007. The knowledge –sharing with farmers by agricultural graduates and scientists was emphasized by His Excellency the Chancellor and Governor of J&K. A vision of poverty alleviation through backyard poultry intervention was the theme of the seminar. Many belts in Gurez, Tangdar, Tillail and Zanskar are rearing native livestock species. They are better suited and need improvement and identification. The cooking methods will need more expansion and scientific intervention for export. More emphasis has to be made on:
· Safe feed and food.
· Organic fodder and food.
· Operational excellence and modern mechanization to improve quality of indigenous enterprises.
· Local family management to farm business management and seller-buyer mode adoption.
This will need graduate farmers who are trained. Thus future farmer has to be a farmer graduate as in USA, Germany etc.
High Value Agri-business
Rapid growth rate in high value commodities in Indian agriculture promises 40% total output. The sectors assuming importance for export earnings are Fruits, milk, vegetable and poultry. Thus Agriclinic training centres should focus on these commodity oriented trainings. The sector may need more than 1 lac young agri-graduate entrepreneurs to achieve national goals and not the mere 14000 un-employed agriculture graduates.
Technological Prospective
The technological gaps between research yields and Farmers yields are wide. The technological know how over years is on shelf. Much of it has remained frozen if not dead within the fore walls of institutions. The location specific, crop and soil specific innovations to farmer’s practices are few. Our integrated & mixed farming practiced by our farmer’s, needs packages recommending mixed farming improvements which is not forth coming. Our research institutes mostly aped the experimentations on commercial farming of west with few modifications and even additions at times. Our traditional agriculture existing still in remote areas encompass the use of farm yard manure, vormiculture & use of agricultural waste materials. The present problems of low soil fertility, reduction in yields and soil salinity have arisen due to excessive use of chemical inputs in farming with little care of the soil.
This scenario resulted due to incomplete innovative approaches of research. Our researchers blindly advocated more and more use of fertilizers, pesticides and fungicides, which helped to gain grain revolutions, but left legacy of polluted water, air & environment with degraded soils. These revolutions debarred future sustenance. This was due to poor perception.
Thus immediate need is to make researchers akin with information technology and advanced communication. The rapid evolution of information science demands quick and speedy transfer of technologies, awareness & even subject reviews to farmer’s for speedy application. The productivity would be better if technological advances are adopted and their impact is known. The knowledge of computer hardware, software as well interlinking the information dissemination channels and outlets is essential. This will consume hundreds of Agri-graduates in mass media, information and communication.
Our vision
Mixed Farm University Culture:
Higher productivity gains can be achieved through application of technology and production recommendations at farmer’s fields. We have 65% small and marginal farmers whose awareness potential is low. The production system prevailing with these farmers is a mixed farming or composite farming. In contrast to USA and European agriculture our necessity is to increase “Crop –livestock-fish-plant integrated production system with multiple livelihood opportunities”. Therefore, we need our own innovative educational and training policies. A mixed agriculture University and Education set ups is our necessity. We are at present going astray to our need. Quick and fast measures and needed to unify our educational system, involving all agriculture and allied disciplines, industries, corporate sectors and farmers institution.
Higher productivity Concerns:
Indian Agricultural pride years of green revolution post 1968 saw reduction in food gain imports and subsequently white, blue and other revolutions sustained our population pressures and agriculture growth. Our agricultural growth rate (AGR) need to be equal if not more to population growth rate (PGR). Our AGR target ought to be double the PGR.
This is important as consumption rates, purchasing power and employment prospects increase. An estimated food grain of 210 million tons at present may need to be doubled in next 10 years. We have to achieve high targets of productivity by vertical expansion as horizontal land expansion is just not possible. Dr. M.S. Swaminathan has quoted figures as of 160 million tones of rice from 40m hac of land, thereby setting the productivity target of 4 t/h. Like wise production of 100 million tones of wheat from 25 million tones of wheat from 25 million hectors needs a productivity of 4t/hac. Our aim to double our per hac productivity needs more technical manpower in extension, industry and at gross root level.
The climatic disasters, earthquakes, Titanic tsunami, floods; have effected our agricultural production in the past and additional requirements needs to be kept in mind while planning food security. We need to increase per capita consumption expenditures of Rs.600 per month. We need to bridge the gaps between potential and actual yields at farmers level. The chemical farming hazards of poor soil fertility, low water availability, pollution and environmental concerns impede our agricultural development. Thus refined technology, participatory research and educational modules are needed. The new pressures of Global marketing. World trade and tariff regulations have to be accommodated. This all will need incorporation of new themes like post-harvest management, value addition, packaging, communication, credit and market information services in our course curricula. Thus a new multidimensional change in academic curriculum is envisaged, which may open new opportunities for Agricultural and allied graduates.
Quality Assurance
We feel pride in calling ourselves as the 2nd largest Agricultural Research system (ARS) in World. When we review our performance we are no where in top ten of most cited agriculture publications countries in the World. USA tops the world list with 3,62,79,842 cited publication/annum, with small country like Switzerland at No.10. The scientific out put in agriculture is highest in USA with 27 lac publication/year followed by Japan, Germany, U.K, France, Canada, Italy, Russia, China and Australia. Our contribution to Agriculture publication is 5.48% only with our share of citation at 2.32%. This demands more focus on Quality Assurance. Our prime agenda should be quality Agriultural Education. Our emphasis has to be on:
Academic quality, Accreditation; Desired knowledge, Assessment, Skill and competence building and academic audit. Quality assurance, means strengthening resources, information and maintenance of educational infrastructure. Thus we need to regulate grants and centre-state relations rationally. This will open golden opportunities to our graduate across the borders.
Employment opportunities
We have 36 state/deemed or central agricultural Universities and 20 general universalities with 48 agricultural faculties. The total disciplines needing grants may be strengthened in 5 yrs by 1 core grants to each discipline for quality assurance. We produce 10,000 under graduate 5500 post graduates and 1600 Ph.D in agriculture every years . They add to our unemployed pool. For making them self employees in new ventures and for increased employment , their competence building in Global economics and trade policies. Biotechnology, Bioinformation, Biofertilizers, pesticides and fungicides etc are to be enhanced. New faculty development in all the Universities and colleges is to be executed in coming 5 years. Such as :
Pest information and survey; Risk Management Analysis; Decision support system; Geographic information system. A new trust is to be given to course curriculum integrating field practices in a partnership mode with farmer. A teacher-student-farmer-industry, interaction and co-operation is to be developed. A new model of mechanics in Agricultural and allied curricula is to be integrated, unified and fine tuned to end results. This will demand inter and intra faculty harmony and synchronized course curricula at UG, PG and Ph.D level. This has to be fine tuned to our field requirements and location orientations and Employment opportunities will be the end result.
Asia Specific Agricultural Education:
Indian Economy is a agri-centre economy which supports 70% of our population, as direct rural employment . Forty five percent of the income generated by industries comes from Agri-based (Agro) Industries. Therefore , a vast potential and resource is hidden in it. If we think of Asia specific Agriculture, we have to play a significant role in the region which has 60% of the world population. The region is rich of energy and oil resources and millennium buzz word is open boarders and common market with first priority on peace, confidence and trust. For up-liftmen of region we need training education and human resource utilization. Therefore Agriculture educational reforms are on our door steps to harvest the gains of common economy in the SARC and total Asian region. These educational reforms should involve schools, colleges and Universities. The re-modeling of curriculum will need incorporation of new emerging era, like competitive global marketing, the climatic, disaster, technology use, restrictions, sustainability, environment, water resource conservation, remediation factors etc.
Agri-educational reforms are needed so that ICAR parallels USDA, in governing grant-in aid to whole agriculture sector. An omnibuss act of agriculture in the shape of USA farm bill of 1996 is envisioned. New educational policies so drafted shall be non-discriminative, comprehensive , transparent and accountable. They will pave a way to total employment in Asia for Agri and allied graduates.
Access to Education and Training:
Access to education and training to people below the poverty line, rural youth and women is to be ensured. This will need a total restructured education infrastructure. A three tyre model is envisioned which consists of:
1. On the job, training opportunities on farm mechanization and agriculture.
2. Training skills, up-gradation and rural orientation at University level, refinement and more innovative participatory mode at farmers field. Roaming teaching taught system on holidays and Sundays.
3. Teacher-student-farmer-industry-interaction-work and planed-self- learning by living with farmers. It will ensure quality training and job improvement of skilled manpower for use in Asian Agri development Market. The utilization of Rehbar-e-Zerat in this paid Agri-services to farmers shall provide them job and money.
Informal-flexible Agriculture Information Services
A flexible curriculum models which should have many options at B.Sc level like:
1. Natural science
2. Agri Science
- Production system
- Agri-business
- Social science
3. International Agriculture
4. Natural Resources
5. Agri-business management
6. Biological engineering
7. Dietetrics
8. Landscape Architecture
These inclusions at B.Sc or Post graduate level shall help in graduate employment.
Export Orientation in Agri-education & employment:
In the present era of bio-safety, phyto and zoo sanitation have assumed tremendous importance. Education and knowledge was safe and secure treasure in the past. It is no more true. The export needs knowledge and new inventions need patenting. Web and web designing have made invisible teachers to unknown students. The students-teacher relationship has raised to spiritual horizons. New targets for future educational planning and policies need to have more information and communication technology. Therefore courses on I&C with computer applications is must. These have been strengthened in the SAU and ICAR institutions in the last few years. However a total connectivity is needed with farmers, farm organizations and utilization departments to harvest the gains of technological reforms to increase our exports. Inspite of ranking I in milk production our exports are meager. This is because of poor –zoo-sanitation and Global lobiest are critical of our disease free status. Therefore, policies and programmes in Agri-export orientation and the training to our agri-vet. And allied graduates is a must. Training of these graduates in management, mass media, export-import ventures, industry and related agrobased ventures like sales of fertilizers, pesticides, seeds etc is needed.
Beside professional employment, the agricultural graduates can compete in the national or State administrative or financial and allied services. Similarly many banks, insurance companies, private industries, private concerns and development companies. The NGO do also employ agricultural and allied graduates. The graduates have to go through employment new and other professional Journals through Radio, TV and both central and State Govts. also give advertisements. A vast number of professional, managerial and industry related advanced courses after agri or allied graduation are also advertised. They include business management, financial management or related disciplines in corporate sector. A diploma in mass media, computers or even commerce shall fetch a graduate additional employment chances in Govt. and private sectors. Opportunities in foreign countries for agri-graduates are also there, however this would need diploma in international agriculture and a driving licence besides a passport.
For graduates a number of courses are available for Masters. Even on date we have 1/3rd positions vacant in SAU and ICAR Institutes, for which annually ARS examination is being held by Agriculture Scientists Recruitment Board. The recruitment to scientists and Assistant professors is open to all M.Sc /M.V.Sc or allied post graduates and Ph.D holders. Ministry of Agriculture in collaboration with NABARD and other banks have launched Agri-business Agri clinic courses. They are 3 months courses on the job training to Agri-graduates free of cost. In fact all the expenses are borne by the Agri-business school. A network of such training schools have been established. We have also a dozen in J&K. There is a strong future for agri-graduates in private sector. They can set up crop, fruit nurseries or open seed sale and production centres. We have a number of successful agri-graduates earning more than Rs. 20,000/- a month in various parts of the valley. The whole agricultural and allied sector has a strong employment generation potential. We have identified 15 such agri business ventures, which can be profitable employment ventures. A great potential of employment is hidden in Nursery plants for fruits and vegetables. An investment of Rs. 30,000/- per year may give a net profit of Rs. 2 lakh per annum.
Australia also provides many jobs like in Europe and USA for Indian Agri-graduates. The respective embassies or the internet employment advertise many help Agri graduates. For Australia information can be had on www.dookie. Uniemb.ed.am/. More personal information can be had on phone 0427355721 or email saparker@uniemeb.edu.an. Likewise many websites are available around the globe and in India too. New ventures financed by banks are Agri.biotechnologies and precision farming for organic Agriculture.
Agricultural development over years has been the result of continuous agri skill generation and its popularization. The earliest agriculture was animal domestication. Over thousands of years man domesticated wild fowl, dog, goat and smaller animals, whom he could overpower easily and subjugate to his sub-ordination. Agriculture thus since beginning has been the results of trails, experiments and experiences over years, learned first though behavioral changes, psychic reoccurrences, memories passed through parents to children and later on through doing and learning and now through sharing experiences and writing them or dotting them as an Entrepreneurship concern.
Entrepreneurship concept
The Entrepreneurship adds economic profits and cost-benefit ratios to Agricultural Output. Entrepreneurship is dominated by four factors like:
a. Social changes
b. Support system availability
c. Resource base and its utilization
d. Self confidence, exploration work capacity and intellectual potency.
An entrepreneur has to have a thinking of his own, a capacity building interest in acquiring needed technique. An explorative and analytic faculties to judge the way of procuring cheap raw material. He must be equipped with “knowledge” and mindset to use and benefit out of it.
Farm Business
A potential entrepreneurship must strive from getting maximum output. Decades back agricultural development and industrial setups was a public sponsored and heavily subsidized but over time “knowledge” explosion in Indian Agriculture, have brought us on threshold of a system, where wide distances exist between industry and farm business. Where huge subsidies are benefiting Agro-Industrialists. The Farmers who use fertilizers or agro-chemical are crushed under economic pressures. The gaps between technology generated and technology use at farmers door is increasing day after day. The farm technology adoption rates are not more than 20-30% by any higher prospective.
The use of information and communication technology (I&CT) for reducing the gaps and increasing productivity is the need of the hour (Wani, 2005). The modern technology and knowledge flow is fast expanding and bringing change. It demands more educated and trained farmers. Our education system has produced more literates but not educationally trained youth to earn their own bread. They after attaining graduation in agriculture and allied sectors, beg for job. The system has to be corrected to make these graduates as employers and not employees. I wrote a treatise in 1992, emphasizing a system where our agriculture graduates should be employers not employees. Germans are smart to have Farmers school, Farmer business training institutes, practical agri-farmers training centres and like, where every farmer or animal husbandry man is essentially a trained fellow. The banking system is so organized that they are on the door of convocation hall to sell their agri-business and agri-clinics packages to graduates, without any investments. Banks are so smart, that they have surveyed the villages who need vets or agri-graduates or have attained land and all facilitation, so that agricultural or veterinary or even other medico-biological graduates are used as bank investment. This is what is envisaged in India under agri-clinic, Agribusiness venture. We have trainings not in the hands of banks but with universities. There is practically little interaction between universities or banks or employers.
Success of Agribusiness:
A poor liaison and support system between Govt. banking and University culture has made this otherwise an remunerative and lucerative programmes into a failure inspite of its personal monitoring by PMO. We visited Bandipora district and unregistered Agriclinic graduates were earning a handsome salary, more than the Rahbar-e-zerat or Agriculture Asstt. Agribusiness viz sale of pesticides, cattle feed, poultry feed and agri-extension services were common. At a small village in Papchan, one agri graduate Mr. Iqbal Shah earns Rs. 10,000/- per month by selling the services and input. At a distance of few kms in the same district one Mr. Khyatlani owns a big poultry farm and earns around Rs. 20,000/- per month. Both these entrepreneurs employ 2-3 persons at present. Similarly, the success shown by one Mr. Shah at Malangam in Agri products and pesticide sale and one Mr. Bhat in Dairy production and milk product sale earn a handsome income besides generating employment for poor. All these agricultural graduates have started their own business concerns without any bank or university help.
Farmer as Entrepreneur
Indian Farming and farmer has to change if proper WTO recommendation and GATT agreements are to be followed. The present day poultry scenario is emerging as high profile agri-business in India. The conversion of poultry farmer’s into poultry entrepreneurs shall make the present day 6% contribution of poultry products from India and China to 25% share of Global market. This when translated into action shall increase employment generation by manifolds. The introduction of rural based Vanraja, Gramapriya, Giriraja, Cari Gold and vast other locally grown varieties of poultry have adopted well to our agri-rural base. The market acceptability is higher than exotic poultry concerns. Free-rang-poultry is like BT cotton hybrid spreading through villages of India and assuring high returns and exports (wani, 2007).
Poultry as Agri-business
Dr. Gordon Butland, president of Global poultry strategies presents “Backyard poultry production” as a tool of alleviating poverty and malnutrition. We have tried to distribute “birds” under free-range system in all our KVK’s, our results were excellent and income generation was totally in favour of the Agri-business and agri-clinics.
This all will need the involvement of Agri-Veterinary and food processing technocrats to develop rural-based establishments so as to foster export and fast returns.
Holistic Vision for Livestock Enterprise
Improving income, employment and self-reliance among educated graduates and un-employed youth especially women needs fostering community development, women empowerment, environmental protection. Rural-based backyard poultry subscribes to all these norms and could be a rich resource for developing agri-entrepreneurship. Govt. of India is liberally financing such agri-business ventures. Some of the success stories in animal husbandry section can be reproduced as follows:
Backyard poultry and incubation
Though the Vanraja are the most suitable for back yard poultry, they do not have habit of broodiness. There is a problem among the farmer to get a broody hen in all season. KVK solve this problem of hatching by installing small unit of hatchery. Every month 15-20 farmers are benefited by purchasing chicks for backyard poultry. There are 200 back yard poultry units of Vanraja. Each farmer is rearing 10 to 25 in the backyard. There is a good demand and response for the chicks and eggs of Vanraja. KVKs are now planning to expand this entrepreneurship by Agri-graduates .
Semi-stall-fed Goat Rearing
KVK’s made an intervention to improve this enterprise by conducting short duration training programmes for rural youth. Similarly exposure visit were organized on goat feed, breed and health management. More emphasis was given on Osmanabadi goat and up-gradation in selected non-descript goat breed by osmanabadi pure buck and given the knowledge about semi stallfed goat rearing concept. This experience in Andra Pradesh shows a great potential for agri-graduates own business.
Broiler Production
A KVK has conducted training programmes for 165 trainees. Due to training and demonstrations awareness was increased about contract farming in broiler production with private sector which provide chicks, feed and medicine and after 40 days purchases them back. They acquired skills through learning by doing at KVK demonstration unit and earned money. The technology has been adopted by 10 percent of youths now in the radius of 20 km. There are 27 poultry units having capacity of 5000-10000 poultry birds on contract farming basis. These self employed rural youth earning Rs 10000-15000 per lot.
A seminar-cum-farmer’s meet was arranged at SKUAST-K on 26- 27th of Oct.2007. The knowledge –sharing with farmers by agricultural graduates and scientists was emphasized by His Excellency the Chancellor and Governor of J&K. A vision of poverty alleviation through backyard poultry intervention was the theme of the seminar. Many belts in Gurez, Tangdar, Tillail and Zanskar are rearing native livestock species. They are better suited and need improvement and identification. The cooking methods will need more expansion and scientific intervention for export. More emphasis has to be made on:
· Safe feed and food.
· Organic fodder and food.
· Operational excellence and modern mechanization to improve quality of indigenous enterprises.
· Local family management to farm business management and seller-buyer mode adoption.
This will need graduate farmers who are trained. Thus future farmer has to be a farmer graduate as in USA, Germany etc.
High Value Agri-business
Rapid growth rate in high value commodities in Indian agriculture promises 40% total output. The sectors assuming importance for export earnings are Fruits, milk, vegetable and poultry. Thus Agriclinic training centres should focus on these commodity oriented trainings. The sector may need more than 1 lac young agri-graduate entrepreneurs to achieve national goals and not the mere 14000 un-employed agriculture graduates.
Technological Prospective
The technological gaps between research yields and Farmers yields are wide. The technological know how over years is on shelf. Much of it has remained frozen if not dead within the fore walls of institutions. The location specific, crop and soil specific innovations to farmer’s practices are few. Our integrated & mixed farming practiced by our farmer’s, needs packages recommending mixed farming improvements which is not forth coming. Our research institutes mostly aped the experimentations on commercial farming of west with few modifications and even additions at times. Our traditional agriculture existing still in remote areas encompass the use of farm yard manure, vormiculture & use of agricultural waste materials. The present problems of low soil fertility, reduction in yields and soil salinity have arisen due to excessive use of chemical inputs in farming with little care of the soil.
This scenario resulted due to incomplete innovative approaches of research. Our researchers blindly advocated more and more use of fertilizers, pesticides and fungicides, which helped to gain grain revolutions, but left legacy of polluted water, air & environment with degraded soils. These revolutions debarred future sustenance. This was due to poor perception.
Thus immediate need is to make researchers akin with information technology and advanced communication. The rapid evolution of information science demands quick and speedy transfer of technologies, awareness & even subject reviews to farmer’s for speedy application. The productivity would be better if technological advances are adopted and their impact is known. The knowledge of computer hardware, software as well interlinking the information dissemination channels and outlets is essential. This will consume hundreds of Agri-graduates in mass media, information and communication.
Our vision
Mixed Farm University Culture:
Higher productivity gains can be achieved through application of technology and production recommendations at farmer’s fields. We have 65% small and marginal farmers whose awareness potential is low. The production system prevailing with these farmers is a mixed farming or composite farming. In contrast to USA and European agriculture our necessity is to increase “Crop –livestock-fish-plant integrated production system with multiple livelihood opportunities”. Therefore, we need our own innovative educational and training policies. A mixed agriculture University and Education set ups is our necessity. We are at present going astray to our need. Quick and fast measures and needed to unify our educational system, involving all agriculture and allied disciplines, industries, corporate sectors and farmers institution.
Higher productivity Concerns:
Indian Agricultural pride years of green revolution post 1968 saw reduction in food gain imports and subsequently white, blue and other revolutions sustained our population pressures and agriculture growth. Our agricultural growth rate (AGR) need to be equal if not more to population growth rate (PGR). Our AGR target ought to be double the PGR.
This is important as consumption rates, purchasing power and employment prospects increase. An estimated food grain of 210 million tons at present may need to be doubled in next 10 years. We have to achieve high targets of productivity by vertical expansion as horizontal land expansion is just not possible. Dr. M.S. Swaminathan has quoted figures as of 160 million tones of rice from 40m hac of land, thereby setting the productivity target of 4 t/h. Like wise production of 100 million tones of wheat from 25 million tones of wheat from 25 million hectors needs a productivity of 4t/hac. Our aim to double our per hac productivity needs more technical manpower in extension, industry and at gross root level.
The climatic disasters, earthquakes, Titanic tsunami, floods; have effected our agricultural production in the past and additional requirements needs to be kept in mind while planning food security. We need to increase per capita consumption expenditures of Rs.600 per month. We need to bridge the gaps between potential and actual yields at farmers level. The chemical farming hazards of poor soil fertility, low water availability, pollution and environmental concerns impede our agricultural development. Thus refined technology, participatory research and educational modules are needed. The new pressures of Global marketing. World trade and tariff regulations have to be accommodated. This all will need incorporation of new themes like post-harvest management, value addition, packaging, communication, credit and market information services in our course curricula. Thus a new multidimensional change in academic curriculum is envisaged, which may open new opportunities for Agricultural and allied graduates.
Quality Assurance
We feel pride in calling ourselves as the 2nd largest Agricultural Research system (ARS) in World. When we review our performance we are no where in top ten of most cited agriculture publications countries in the World. USA tops the world list with 3,62,79,842 cited publication/annum, with small country like Switzerland at No.10. The scientific out put in agriculture is highest in USA with 27 lac publication/year followed by Japan, Germany, U.K, France, Canada, Italy, Russia, China and Australia. Our contribution to Agriculture publication is 5.48% only with our share of citation at 2.32%. This demands more focus on Quality Assurance. Our prime agenda should be quality Agriultural Education. Our emphasis has to be on:
Academic quality, Accreditation; Desired knowledge, Assessment, Skill and competence building and academic audit. Quality assurance, means strengthening resources, information and maintenance of educational infrastructure. Thus we need to regulate grants and centre-state relations rationally. This will open golden opportunities to our graduate across the borders.
Employment opportunities
We have 36 state/deemed or central agricultural Universities and 20 general universalities with 48 agricultural faculties. The total disciplines needing grants may be strengthened in 5 yrs by 1 core grants to each discipline for quality assurance. We produce 10,000 under graduate 5500 post graduates and 1600 Ph.D in agriculture every years . They add to our unemployed pool. For making them self employees in new ventures and for increased employment , their competence building in Global economics and trade policies. Biotechnology, Bioinformation, Biofertilizers, pesticides and fungicides etc are to be enhanced. New faculty development in all the Universities and colleges is to be executed in coming 5 years. Such as :
Pest information and survey; Risk Management Analysis; Decision support system; Geographic information system. A new trust is to be given to course curriculum integrating field practices in a partnership mode with farmer. A teacher-student-farmer-industry, interaction and co-operation is to be developed. A new model of mechanics in Agricultural and allied curricula is to be integrated, unified and fine tuned to end results. This will demand inter and intra faculty harmony and synchronized course curricula at UG, PG and Ph.D level. This has to be fine tuned to our field requirements and location orientations and Employment opportunities will be the end result.
Asia Specific Agricultural Education:
Indian Economy is a agri-centre economy which supports 70% of our population, as direct rural employment . Forty five percent of the income generated by industries comes from Agri-based (Agro) Industries. Therefore , a vast potential and resource is hidden in it. If we think of Asia specific Agriculture, we have to play a significant role in the region which has 60% of the world population. The region is rich of energy and oil resources and millennium buzz word is open boarders and common market with first priority on peace, confidence and trust. For up-liftmen of region we need training education and human resource utilization. Therefore Agriculture educational reforms are on our door steps to harvest the gains of common economy in the SARC and total Asian region. These educational reforms should involve schools, colleges and Universities. The re-modeling of curriculum will need incorporation of new emerging era, like competitive global marketing, the climatic, disaster, technology use, restrictions, sustainability, environment, water resource conservation, remediation factors etc.
Agri-educational reforms are needed so that ICAR parallels USDA, in governing grant-in aid to whole agriculture sector. An omnibuss act of agriculture in the shape of USA farm bill of 1996 is envisioned. New educational policies so drafted shall be non-discriminative, comprehensive , transparent and accountable. They will pave a way to total employment in Asia for Agri and allied graduates.
Access to Education and Training:
Access to education and training to people below the poverty line, rural youth and women is to be ensured. This will need a total restructured education infrastructure. A three tyre model is envisioned which consists of:
1. On the job, training opportunities on farm mechanization and agriculture.
2. Training skills, up-gradation and rural orientation at University level, refinement and more innovative participatory mode at farmers field. Roaming teaching taught system on holidays and Sundays.
3. Teacher-student-farmer-industry-interaction-work and planed-self- learning by living with farmers. It will ensure quality training and job improvement of skilled manpower for use in Asian Agri development Market. The utilization of Rehbar-e-Zerat in this paid Agri-services to farmers shall provide them job and money.
Informal-flexible Agriculture Information Services
A flexible curriculum models which should have many options at B.Sc level like:
1. Natural science
2. Agri Science
- Production system
- Agri-business
- Social science
3. International Agriculture
4. Natural Resources
5. Agri-business management
6. Biological engineering
7. Dietetrics
8. Landscape Architecture
These inclusions at B.Sc or Post graduate level shall help in graduate employment.
Export Orientation in Agri-education & employment:
In the present era of bio-safety, phyto and zoo sanitation have assumed tremendous importance. Education and knowledge was safe and secure treasure in the past. It is no more true. The export needs knowledge and new inventions need patenting. Web and web designing have made invisible teachers to unknown students. The students-teacher relationship has raised to spiritual horizons. New targets for future educational planning and policies need to have more information and communication technology. Therefore courses on I&C with computer applications is must. These have been strengthened in the SAU and ICAR institutions in the last few years. However a total connectivity is needed with farmers, farm organizations and utilization departments to harvest the gains of technological reforms to increase our exports. Inspite of ranking I in milk production our exports are meager. This is because of poor –zoo-sanitation and Global lobiest are critical of our disease free status. Therefore, policies and programmes in Agri-export orientation and the training to our agri-vet. And allied graduates is a must. Training of these graduates in management, mass media, export-import ventures, industry and related agrobased ventures like sales of fertilizers, pesticides, seeds etc is needed.
Mean of Biotechnology
Biotechnology, as the name suggest, is a combination of biology and technology that includes an array of subjects including mathematics, physics, chemistry, engineering, biochemistry, immunology, genetics, agriculture etc. In this field, bacteria or other biological substances such as enzymes and other living cells are used and a blend of various technologies
are applied together on them for production of a specific product or for improving upon it. Career in Biotechnology is one of the most promising career options in India and abroad. With the upcoming new technologies, biotechnology covers job sin healthcare, medicine and R&D. Since, it can be applied in various fields ranging from, agriculture to medicine, nutrition, environmental conservation, animal sciences etc, its scope is quite wide.
Since it is a scientific research oriented field, it requires the right mix of understanding of technology as well as managerial know-how. There are tremendous job opportunities in this field not just in India but also abroad. In fact, in the past decade, prospects in biotechnology have increased manifold. There has been a remarkable growth in this sector. Equipped with good research laboratories, well developed industries, trained manpower, India has become a hot spot for biotechnology jobs. One can look forward to a high-paying job in pharmaceutical companies, agricultural and chemical industries. Mainly, jobs are in the areas of research, production and planning. There are enough job opportunities in various government as well as private universities, laboratories and research institutes as research scientists or assistants.
In various fields, biotechnology has different application: In medicine and healthcare jobs, biotechnology application is very important. The useful application of biotechnology application in this area has led to the development of new medicines, vaccines and diagnostics. Not just this, the innovative and remarkable work of biotechnologists has also led to the improvement and innovation of new methods of diagnosis, and new ways to treat an existent disease. Since it is ever evolving, there is a scope for lot of innovation and breaking new grounds in a R&D job in biotechnology.
Then comes industrial research and development, where both the public and the private sector companies offer good job opportunities to biotechnologists. In this field, research is conducted with an aim to increase productivity, improve production and conservation of energy, minimize waste produced by pollution and industrial activities. Apart from this, there are jobs to be taken up at places that carry out chemical processes, genetic engineering, textile development, cosmetic development etc.
In the field of agriculture and animal husbandry too, biotechnology plays an important role. Since Indian economy is primarily dependent on agriculture, there are always new ways sought to make improvements in this field. Biotechnologists have made path-breaking advancements in this area leading to improved yields and newer practices that are more time and cost efficient. The quality of seeds, insecticides and fertilizers has been improved tremendously, thanks to biotechnologists. Hence, there are good biotechnology jobs in this field. In the field of animal husbandry, biotechnology has led to an improvement in animal breeding. The output of dairy and meat products has improved largely because numerous kinds of genetically engineered and high yielding animal breeds have come up with the new researches in biotechnology.
Biotechnology application is relevant to environment too. With the increasing levels of environmental pollution, biotechnology has come to play a major role in developing measures to protect our environment. In the field of environment, the job of a biotechnologist includes checking industrial air pollution levels, treatment of industrial waste to recycling of sewage waste, etc.
Genetic engineering is a very popular field where biotechnologists are deployed. With the extensive study of genes, genetic engineering has become an off shoot of biotechnology. Here, the job includes conducting genetic experiments to rear hybrid or new species by transfer of genes from one species to another.
For a biotechnologist to get a healthcare, medicine or R&D job, it is important to display a certain personality traits. A zeal for hard work and high level of intelligence with a naturally scientific bent of mind is a must. Apart from these, determination, will to create new innovations, perseverance, imagination, ability to work for long hours, originality, team spirit are some important traits that a successful biotechnologist must display. There are various professional courses in biotechnology that one can pursue and pursue a successful career in this field.
are applied together on them for production of a specific product or for improving upon it. Career in Biotechnology is one of the most promising career options in India and abroad. With the upcoming new technologies, biotechnology covers job sin healthcare, medicine and R&D. Since, it can be applied in various fields ranging from, agriculture to medicine, nutrition, environmental conservation, animal sciences etc, its scope is quite wide.
Since it is a scientific research oriented field, it requires the right mix of understanding of technology as well as managerial know-how. There are tremendous job opportunities in this field not just in India but also abroad. In fact, in the past decade, prospects in biotechnology have increased manifold. There has been a remarkable growth in this sector. Equipped with good research laboratories, well developed industries, trained manpower, India has become a hot spot for biotechnology jobs. One can look forward to a high-paying job in pharmaceutical companies, agricultural and chemical industries. Mainly, jobs are in the areas of research, production and planning. There are enough job opportunities in various government as well as private universities, laboratories and research institutes as research scientists or assistants.
In various fields, biotechnology has different application: In medicine and healthcare jobs, biotechnology application is very important. The useful application of biotechnology application in this area has led to the development of new medicines, vaccines and diagnostics. Not just this, the innovative and remarkable work of biotechnologists has also led to the improvement and innovation of new methods of diagnosis, and new ways to treat an existent disease. Since it is ever evolving, there is a scope for lot of innovation and breaking new grounds in a R&D job in biotechnology.
Then comes industrial research and development, where both the public and the private sector companies offer good job opportunities to biotechnologists. In this field, research is conducted with an aim to increase productivity, improve production and conservation of energy, minimize waste produced by pollution and industrial activities. Apart from this, there are jobs to be taken up at places that carry out chemical processes, genetic engineering, textile development, cosmetic development etc.
In the field of agriculture and animal husbandry too, biotechnology plays an important role. Since Indian economy is primarily dependent on agriculture, there are always new ways sought to make improvements in this field. Biotechnologists have made path-breaking advancements in this area leading to improved yields and newer practices that are more time and cost efficient. The quality of seeds, insecticides and fertilizers has been improved tremendously, thanks to biotechnologists. Hence, there are good biotechnology jobs in this field. In the field of animal husbandry, biotechnology has led to an improvement in animal breeding. The output of dairy and meat products has improved largely because numerous kinds of genetically engineered and high yielding animal breeds have come up with the new researches in biotechnology.
Biotechnology application is relevant to environment too. With the increasing levels of environmental pollution, biotechnology has come to play a major role in developing measures to protect our environment. In the field of environment, the job of a biotechnologist includes checking industrial air pollution levels, treatment of industrial waste to recycling of sewage waste, etc.
Genetic engineering is a very popular field where biotechnologists are deployed. With the extensive study of genes, genetic engineering has become an off shoot of biotechnology. Here, the job includes conducting genetic experiments to rear hybrid or new species by transfer of genes from one species to another.
For a biotechnologist to get a healthcare, medicine or R&D job, it is important to display a certain personality traits. A zeal for hard work and high level of intelligence with a naturally scientific bent of mind is a must. Apart from these, determination, will to create new innovations, perseverance, imagination, ability to work for long hours, originality, team spirit are some important traits that a successful biotechnologist must display. There are various professional courses in biotechnology that one can pursue and pursue a successful career in this field.
Chicken Farming Reasons
The chicken keeping distributes the farm work and the farm earnings over the entire year. This is correct whether meat, milk or eggs are the money crops. And definitely both factors are worthy of consideration from a straight business viewpoint. With manual labor as valuable as it is today, lost time cuts into the proceeds. And when the revenue is consistent, not concentrated in a short period or reliant on the success of 1 crop, the issue of farm finance is much simplified.
Think about the richest and most desirable agricultural sections of our own good land. With little exemptions, the most excellent and most worthwhile farms are those that are heavily stocked along with domestic animals. Here, as well, are found the best farm homes, the most lucrative and contented farm families. And this truth, which is so well established that it requires no dispute, obviously shows that animal husbandry pays.
In the following internet site you may find much useful tips with reference to the proper care of back yard chickens:
http://coopchicken.info
We trust, and believe that you might find it most beneficial in association together with your work with raising chickens at home. That it may possibly enable you to be more profitable, earn larger income.
Right at the start we would like to stress 2 how to keep chickens information taht are actually important and that are recognized by persons most successful at rearing chickens. The first is this: It does not pay to keep scrub stock, animals which cannot under any circumstances give the big returns. The next: No animal, regardless of breeding, could do its best work unless it is kept in perfect physical state and is not a sick chicken.
What type of animals you favor to acquire is your own choice. Find fine ones. Than keep them good and make them better.
Think about the richest and most desirable agricultural sections of our own good land. With little exemptions, the most excellent and most worthwhile farms are those that are heavily stocked along with domestic animals. Here, as well, are found the best farm homes, the most lucrative and contented farm families. And this truth, which is so well established that it requires no dispute, obviously shows that animal husbandry pays.
In the following internet site you may find much useful tips with reference to the proper care of back yard chickens:
http://coopchicken.info
We trust, and believe that you might find it most beneficial in association together with your work with raising chickens at home. That it may possibly enable you to be more profitable, earn larger income.
Right at the start we would like to stress 2 how to keep chickens information taht are actually important and that are recognized by persons most successful at rearing chickens. The first is this: It does not pay to keep scrub stock, animals which cannot under any circumstances give the big returns. The next: No animal, regardless of breeding, could do its best work unless it is kept in perfect physical state and is not a sick chicken.
What type of animals you favor to acquire is your own choice. Find fine ones. Than keep them good and make them better.
Tuesday, July 6, 2010
Biotechnology Course
courses in biotechnology to take it up as a profession. As the term suggests, it is a combination of biology and technology. It is a knowledge-based industry that relies on human skills to leverage existing technology, scientific methods and knowledge of biology to come up with products and solutions to everyday situations of life as well as many other fields that affect us like medicine, agriculture, environment, genetics, industrial growth etc. In biotechnology, technology is applied on biological systems, living organisms, and enzymes to perform industrial or manufacturing processes. Biotechnology plays a major role in serving mankind by contributing to industries like agriculture, animal husbandry, health care…
For students looking to pursue biotechnology courses, there are various options of colleges in India as well as abroad. There are many graduate and post-graduate courses in biotechnology that one can opt for in India. The Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology under the Government of India is responsible for the regulation, formulation and implementation of biotechnology courses in India. Many government and private recognized institutes conduct such courses. With its increasing demand, new courses and institutes are being added each year. In fact, research suggests that Asia will soon become the hotbed of biotechnology thus leading to more and more students opting for studying biotechnology. Its scope and career opportunities in India are enormous.
To pursue biotechnology courses, one can do it both at under graduate and post graduate level. Undergraduate Biotechnology courses include B.Sc, B.E, B.Tech, 5-year integrated B.Tech/M.Tech) and at PG level (Msc/ M.Tech). You can also pursue specialized courses at research level. Generally, students prefer to go abroad for post graduate courses in biotechnology and also for research. However, these days, there is no dearth of good biotechnology courses in India too. For a post-graduate course, one should have graduated in Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Microbiology. The PG courses that are available in this field are M.Sc. Biotechnology, M.Sc. (Agriculture) Biotechnology, M.V.Sc. (Animal) Biotechnology, M.Tech. Biotechnology, M.Sc./M.V.Sc. Veterinary Biotechnology, M.Sc. (Marine) Biotechnology, Medical Biotechnology and M.Tech. in Biomedical Engineering/Biotechnology. After this, there are more advanced courses such as Ph.D. and Post-Doctoral Research in Biotechnology.
Biotechnology is interdisciplinary subject and its scope and application is quite diverse. Thus, there are various fields where one could specialize in biotechnology. Thus, students from different backgrounds can specialize in the field that they find their interest in such as Molecular Biology, Microbiology, Biochemistry, Biophysics, Botany, Zoology, Pharmacology, Physiology, Horticulture, Tissue Culture, Agricultural Engineering, Animal Sciences, Dairy Technology, Fisheries, Medicine, Life Sciences, Genetics etc.
The application of biotechnology is in many fields including agriculture, animal husbandry, industry and many other fields. Research is being done and money is being pumped into these fields to come up with better solutions for common life. Since the field requires most research work in laboratories, people who are introverts who enjoy being with themselves and reading a lot can really succeed in this field. The career prospects are also quite bright in biotechnology. It is a fast growing sector and offers a plethora of job opportunities in both government and corporate sectors. One could get a job in industrial research and development, where the aim is to enhance productivity and production Also, jobs can be taken up at laboratories that conduct chemical processes, genetic engineering, textile development and cosmetic development.
These days, there are lucrative jobs that can be taken up in the field of agriculture and animal husbandry. Agriculture plays a primary role in the Indian economy and biotechnology devises new ways to improve agricultural and animal yield. In the field of environment also, biotechnologists can land good jobs. Then there is genetic engineering where biotechnologists are deployed. Thus, there is no dearth of healthcare, medicine or R&D jobs for biotechnologists. By pursuing a course in biotechnology and gaining initial experience as an assistant with senior researchers, one can look to work with bigger names in public and private companies. The salaries offered are quite good for senior researchers and one could make a flourishing career in this field. For more information in biotechnology, one can talk to industry experts and graduates who have just joined this field.
The Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)
FMD is an acute, hot and contact epidemic among cloven-hoofed animals caused by FMD virus. It spreads rapidly and widely. Once catching FMD, adult animals die with blisters and ulcers on oral cavity mucous membrane, hoof and breast while young animals die for acute myocarditis and hemorrhagic enteritis.
There are all together seven serotypes: A, O, C, Asia I, South Africa I, II, III. The infection targets are mainly such cloven-hoofed animals as cow, sheep, pig, camel and so on.
FMD are still occurring in most countries, except several countries with good natural isolation conditions. Although the animal husbandry in China develops at a high speed after the reform and opening-up, the out-of-date ways of breeding and the weak prevention and control systems against animal diseases cause a huge threat to the animal husbandry in China.
According to “Animal Epidemic Prevention Law of the People’s Republic of China” in July 1997, Chinese government took mandatory measures to fight against FMD. The government purchased FMD vaccines from animal vaccine producers and then distributed those vaccines to livestock farmers free. In 2008, the sales of FMD vaccines amounted to 4.2 million liter and the number was predicted to be the same in 2009 and 2010.
The operation mode of FMD vaccine industry in China is case occurring, local government inviting bids, producers producing, and government distributing. Because the government takes the major responsibility, the purchase of government is the direct impulse which enhances the development of the FMD vaccine industry.
In 2007 and 2008, the number of Asia I-type FMD cases kept dropping. Only 3 cases occurred in 2008. However, since the early 2009, diseases seemed to be active and cases kept increasing. On Jan 13th, 2009, the A-type FMD was found in Wuhan, Hubei and it was the first time that the A-type FMD occurred in China. Then, the A-type FMD attacked Shanghai in Feb 2009 and Changzhou on Apr 15th, 2009.
The frequent emergence of FMD cases in early half of 2009 will in a short term increase the vaccine demand; in the long run, demand for these similar vaccines will also steadily increase and the related enterprises will see a bright prospect, due to the development of animal husbandry and worries about FMD consequences.
In general, the animal vaccine industry will show signs of development when cases occur. Bad news for animal husbandry is good news for vaccine industry.
Monday, July 5, 2010
Poultry Shed Plans
We all like to get the best value for our money and what is wrong with that? So in choosing to build your poultry housing you really are giving yourself the best opportunity to be able to do this.
You could purchase a readymade coop for your poultry but, to be perfectly honest it seems a little hard to find one that is anything other than very expensive especially when you look at the amount of materials involved. I think that you are paying for the fact that you have a pre measured and cut product and this is possibly saving you time but is this worth the extra price you have to pay?
Another drawback with this I feel is, that you have no way of knowing until you get it all home whether you have all of the parts and none are missing or damaged. This could prove a problem as you will have to assemble the flat packed pieces anyway.
In choosing the DIY option you really are giving yourself the best possible advantage in housing your poultry. You have so much versatility and you really do not have to be a master craftsman or a carpenter to do this. If you can hold a screw driver and follow step by step instructions then you are half way to the end result.
I cannot think of anything quite as satisfying as paying a visit to your local DIY store and buying all of the materials that you will need at a very reasonable price and keeping any unnecessary waste or damage to a minimum.
You can be sure of continuing quality throughout the shed as you know exactly what has gone into building it, from your initial planning right through to the end when you knock the last nail in to complete it and that is pretty amazing. You are also benefitting cost wise here too as the coop should be very durable keeping any long term maintenance very low.
To be able to manage your backyard space that is available and use it to you and your poultrys best advantage is invaluable. You may have the luxury of having the perfect site for your poultry accommodation but, if this is not the case, then using any areas of light or shade to keep the housing at an agreeable temperature no problem.
At all times you have ultimate control over any quirky extras if you decide to incorporate them but, just to be able to provide more than adequate lighting and ventilation is a fantastic place to start.
By building a poultry shed using top poultry shed plans you know that your chickens will be as safe and secure as you can possibly make them in their environment which gives you peace of mind. Also the sense of satisfaction when you look at the accommodation can only be wondered at, you will I am sure be very proud of your poultry shed and rightly so.
Building a poultry shed is simple and a great deal of fun when you are given the correct information. They are practical, easy to assemble and can save you a fortune.
There are dozens of poultry related websites that claim to offer visitors' great poultry shed plans, but few sadly seem to offer little more than a single basic design. However one of the bestpoultry shed design websites online that has been endorsed by hundreds of chicken breeders and owners worldwide so far contains a wealth of chicken housing data and related information that is well worth reviewing can be found right here: (http://www.chickenhousekit.com)
the Basic Requirements to Consider for Poultry House
Every poultry production system must provide the most important requirements. Good examples include the following:
Safety from weather: Domestic birds must be shielded from the cold, rain, sun and wind. Newly hatched chicks need a source of warmth as a basic requirement to shield them against harsh weather conditions.
Safety from predators: The chickens have many predators including snakes, rodents, foxes, dogs and other animals. The best way to solve this problem is to confine chickens in modern structures. These are large installations with concrete floors, electric fences, strong walls and other features. This discourages the predators from digging under floors and walls. Wire mesh doors are also very necessary not to forget meshed windows. Make sure that the available domestic birds are supplied with food and water. Ensure proper hygiene of the poultry house as well.
Adequate ventilation: When planning a poultry housing exercise, keep ventilation requirement in mind. A good flow and circulation of air is an essential element in any chicken house. To achieve this goal, it's imperative to consider the poultry production capacity. One can do the large-scale poultry farming or small-scale poultry farming. The necessary structures in both cases are different in sizes and designs. Numerous birds require a big housing unit with adequate ventilation features. This prevents poisonous gases such as ammonia, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide from harming the birds. Fewer birds require small poultry houses with windows and vents on one side of the house. This is to provide abundant exposure to air. The farmers who live in warmer climates should build structures with open sides.
Heat control: It is good to build poultry houses in such a way that heat can be controlled. Too much heat could even kill the birds not to mention it as a constraint to fruitful poultry farming. On the other hand, temperatures below freezing point should be prevented. Surprisingly freezing temperatures are not very risky for chickens. If temperatures go up to forty degrees, inside the poultry house, the birds cannot survive. At this heat range or over, the birds' stress levels go up quickly. At 46 degrees Celsius the birds could die. Potential farmers of chicken or any other domesticated birds must read books. Books contain facts about building materials and techniques to lower or raise temperatures. The chicken house construction procedure should be based on the type of local climate to control heat. Humidity levels: As the farmer constructs the poultry houses, he or she must consider the humidity factor. The birds do not have sweat glands like humans hence their cooling system is via the beaks. When the humidity levels rise, this natural cooling mechanism fails.
Space needs in chicken houses: Creating space happens to be the most important poultry housing principles. Space determines the quantity of birds you could keep. It also determines the kinds of poultry you could keep. Birds require space so that they can move freely and work out. Space is essential for creating chicken nests and perches too. When thinking of space creation, considering the type of bird species, breeds and production system used is vital. Always make sure that the chickens or any other domesticated birds are not congested in the house units.
Safety from weather: Domestic birds must be shielded from the cold, rain, sun and wind. Newly hatched chicks need a source of warmth as a basic requirement to shield them against harsh weather conditions.
Safety from predators: The chickens have many predators including snakes, rodents, foxes, dogs and other animals. The best way to solve this problem is to confine chickens in modern structures. These are large installations with concrete floors, electric fences, strong walls and other features. This discourages the predators from digging under floors and walls. Wire mesh doors are also very necessary not to forget meshed windows. Make sure that the available domestic birds are supplied with food and water. Ensure proper hygiene of the poultry house as well.
Adequate ventilation: When planning a poultry housing exercise, keep ventilation requirement in mind. A good flow and circulation of air is an essential element in any chicken house. To achieve this goal, it's imperative to consider the poultry production capacity. One can do the large-scale poultry farming or small-scale poultry farming. The necessary structures in both cases are different in sizes and designs. Numerous birds require a big housing unit with adequate ventilation features. This prevents poisonous gases such as ammonia, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide from harming the birds. Fewer birds require small poultry houses with windows and vents on one side of the house. This is to provide abundant exposure to air. The farmers who live in warmer climates should build structures with open sides.
Heat control: It is good to build poultry houses in such a way that heat can be controlled. Too much heat could even kill the birds not to mention it as a constraint to fruitful poultry farming. On the other hand, temperatures below freezing point should be prevented. Surprisingly freezing temperatures are not very risky for chickens. If temperatures go up to forty degrees, inside the poultry house, the birds cannot survive. At this heat range or over, the birds' stress levels go up quickly. At 46 degrees Celsius the birds could die. Potential farmers of chicken or any other domesticated birds must read books. Books contain facts about building materials and techniques to lower or raise temperatures. The chicken house construction procedure should be based on the type of local climate to control heat. Humidity levels: As the farmer constructs the poultry houses, he or she must consider the humidity factor. The birds do not have sweat glands like humans hence their cooling system is via the beaks. When the humidity levels rise, this natural cooling mechanism fails.
Space needs in chicken houses: Creating space happens to be the most important poultry housing principles. Space determines the quantity of birds you could keep. It also determines the kinds of poultry you could keep. Birds require space so that they can move freely and work out. Space is essential for creating chicken nests and perches too. When thinking of space creation, considering the type of bird species, breeds and production system used is vital. Always make sure that the chickens or any other domesticated birds are not congested in the house units.
Poultry Farm Must Have A book
If you browse the net, you will come across several books written on poultry by various authors. There are books on hatching eggs, organic poultry, managing chickens, incubators, ducks, geese, quails, turkeys, and poultry farms. The book you should buy depends on your requirements.
Whether you are hobby farmer or into the business of poultry, it is advisable to keep books on poultry so that you get proper guidance. Known experts and professionals with vast knowledge on the subject write these books. These books are written keeping in mind people like you who will learn a lot about birds. A book will help you in your farm activities.
The books have information right from how to build your hen shed to the business aspects of poultry. Poultry managing is not everyone's cup of tea. You need to take certain precautions, follow some steps and carry out various activities. That is if you are serious about your poultry farm. You cannot just pick up a hen and a rooster and assume things will happen naturally and expect them to set up a farm for you!
There are a number of steps involved in breeding birds. Every specimen of bird needs a different treatment, different food, has a separate hatching period, mating season and vary in their behavioral patterns. It is of utmost importance for you to study thoroughly about the bird that you wish to breed. Then treat them the way they must be treated. You have to do your research before just jumping to open a poultry farm.
These books are written after thorough research and study of the birds. Scientist carries out proper experiments. The bird's mating, breeding and life patterns are studied very well before documenting them. If you have a poultry book, you will be able to understand why your birds are acting in a particular way. Then you can take necessary steps to make them comfortable. It is very important that you strive to develop a farm that has healthy birds. Whether your farm is for your own purpose, or you are into the supply of birds and eggs, you must take adequate measures. This will ensure that your birds are completely free of diseases.
There are several books on poultry available online. You can find out the topic that is of use to you and know about the author. It is advisable that you do your research before ordering any book so that the book serves your purpose. If you have any questions on how to hatch the eggs, or procure an incubator, or any other question that is troubling you, a poultry book by your side will give you complete explanation on the subject. Any doubts or confusions you might have on any subject relating to your farm, you will get all answers through such books.
Whether you are hobby farmer or into the business of poultry, it is advisable to keep books on poultry so that you get proper guidance. Known experts and professionals with vast knowledge on the subject write these books. These books are written keeping in mind people like you who will learn a lot about birds. A book will help you in your farm activities.
The books have information right from how to build your hen shed to the business aspects of poultry. Poultry managing is not everyone's cup of tea. You need to take certain precautions, follow some steps and carry out various activities. That is if you are serious about your poultry farm. You cannot just pick up a hen and a rooster and assume things will happen naturally and expect them to set up a farm for you!
There are a number of steps involved in breeding birds. Every specimen of bird needs a different treatment, different food, has a separate hatching period, mating season and vary in their behavioral patterns. It is of utmost importance for you to study thoroughly about the bird that you wish to breed. Then treat them the way they must be treated. You have to do your research before just jumping to open a poultry farm.
These books are written after thorough research and study of the birds. Scientist carries out proper experiments. The bird's mating, breeding and life patterns are studied very well before documenting them. If you have a poultry book, you will be able to understand why your birds are acting in a particular way. Then you can take necessary steps to make them comfortable. It is very important that you strive to develop a farm that has healthy birds. Whether your farm is for your own purpose, or you are into the supply of birds and eggs, you must take adequate measures. This will ensure that your birds are completely free of diseases.
There are several books on poultry available online. You can find out the topic that is of use to you and know about the author. It is advisable that you do your research before ordering any book so that the book serves your purpose. If you have any questions on how to hatch the eggs, or procure an incubator, or any other question that is troubling you, a poultry book by your side will give you complete explanation on the subject. Any doubts or confusions you might have on any subject relating to your farm, you will get all answers through such books.
How To keep Poultry Fresh
Chicken, turkey, duck and other birds are among the most popular meats in the country, but like any food, there are limits on how long one can keep poultry fresh. Here are some of the basics of keeping your poultry fresher, longer:
When returning home from the grocery store, immediately place fresh raw poultry in a refrigerator that maintains 40 °F or below or freeze poultry immediately at 0 °F or below. Once frozen poultry should be safe almost indefinitely but for the best quality raw whole poultry should be cooked and consumed within 1 year. If you plan on freezing poultry for longer than 2 months, you should wrap the store plastic packages with airtight heavy-duty foil, freezer plastic wrap or freezer bags. Use airtight freezer containers to repackage larger quantities into smaller units. Wrapping properly helps to prevents "freezer burn", which is drying of the surface of the poultry, resulting in grayish brown leather-like spots. It is the result of air reaching the food surface, freezer-burned portions can be cut away either before or after cooking the poultry.
Remember that after cooking a meat thermometer should be inserted into the thickest part of the meat, breast should be between 170oF to 175oF and thighs should be 180oF to 185oF.
When purchasing fresh poultry it should feel cold to the touch, and it is interesting to note that it is not necessary to wash raw poultry since any bacteria which might be present are destroyed in the cooking process. Unlike most poultry, fresh whole turkey may be stored longer, the USDA has not decided on an exact storage time fresh turkey will keep unopened up to one week but no longer than 2 days past the sell-by date. It must be stored unopened in the coldest part of the refrigerator at all times.
Below are the refrigerator storage (40° F or below) guidelines according to the USDA:
Fresh chicken, giblets or ground chicken - 1 to 2 days.
Cooked poultry, leftovers - 3 to 4 days.
Poultry broth or gravy - 1 to 2 days.
Cooked casseroles, dishes or soup - 3 to 4 days.
Cooked pieces, covered with broth or gravy - 1 to 2 days.
Cooked nuggets or patties - 1 to 2 days.
Fried poultry - 3 to 4 days.
Take-out convenience poultry (rotisserie, fried, etc.) - 3 to 4 days.
Restaurant leftovers, brought immediately home - 3 to 4 days.
Store cooked poultry dinner including gravy - 1 to 2 days.
Chicken salad - 3 to 5 days.
Deli sliced poultry luncheon meat - 3 to 5 days.
Poultry luncheon meat, sealed in package - 2 weeks (but no longer than 1 week after the sell-by date).
Poultry luncheon meat, after opening - 3 to 5 days.
Vacuum packed dinners, commercial brand with USDA seal, unopened 2 weeks - opened 3 to 4 days.
Poultry hotdogs, unopened - 2 weeks (but no longer than 1 week after the sell-by date).
Poultry hotdogs, after opening - 7 days
Canned poultry products - 2 to 5 years in pantry.
In order to keep poultry fresh for longer try a product called eggstrafresh®. It will help provide increased freshness of all of your foods by reducing oxidation and retaining moisture. Oxidation and moisture loss are the 2 leading factors that foster mold, bacteria, nasty odors and rapid food spoilage. Additionally, eggstrafresh® will improve the taste, flavor, texture and natural color of all of your foods in both the refrigerator and pantry. Visit http://www.eggstrafresh.com to learn more about this revolutionary scientific breakthrough.
When returning home from the grocery store, immediately place fresh raw poultry in a refrigerator that maintains 40 °F or below or freeze poultry immediately at 0 °F or below. Once frozen poultry should be safe almost indefinitely but for the best quality raw whole poultry should be cooked and consumed within 1 year. If you plan on freezing poultry for longer than 2 months, you should wrap the store plastic packages with airtight heavy-duty foil, freezer plastic wrap or freezer bags. Use airtight freezer containers to repackage larger quantities into smaller units. Wrapping properly helps to prevents "freezer burn", which is drying of the surface of the poultry, resulting in grayish brown leather-like spots. It is the result of air reaching the food surface, freezer-burned portions can be cut away either before or after cooking the poultry.
Remember that after cooking a meat thermometer should be inserted into the thickest part of the meat, breast should be between 170oF to 175oF and thighs should be 180oF to 185oF.
When purchasing fresh poultry it should feel cold to the touch, and it is interesting to note that it is not necessary to wash raw poultry since any bacteria which might be present are destroyed in the cooking process. Unlike most poultry, fresh whole turkey may be stored longer, the USDA has not decided on an exact storage time fresh turkey will keep unopened up to one week but no longer than 2 days past the sell-by date. It must be stored unopened in the coldest part of the refrigerator at all times.
Below are the refrigerator storage (40° F or below) guidelines according to the USDA:
Fresh chicken, giblets or ground chicken - 1 to 2 days.
Cooked poultry, leftovers - 3 to 4 days.
Poultry broth or gravy - 1 to 2 days.
Cooked casseroles, dishes or soup - 3 to 4 days.
Cooked pieces, covered with broth or gravy - 1 to 2 days.
Cooked nuggets or patties - 1 to 2 days.
Fried poultry - 3 to 4 days.
Take-out convenience poultry (rotisserie, fried, etc.) - 3 to 4 days.
Restaurant leftovers, brought immediately home - 3 to 4 days.
Store cooked poultry dinner including gravy - 1 to 2 days.
Chicken salad - 3 to 5 days.
Deli sliced poultry luncheon meat - 3 to 5 days.
Poultry luncheon meat, sealed in package - 2 weeks (but no longer than 1 week after the sell-by date).
Poultry luncheon meat, after opening - 3 to 5 days.
Vacuum packed dinners, commercial brand with USDA seal, unopened 2 weeks - opened 3 to 4 days.
Poultry hotdogs, unopened - 2 weeks (but no longer than 1 week after the sell-by date).
Poultry hotdogs, after opening - 7 days
Canned poultry products - 2 to 5 years in pantry.
In order to keep poultry fresh for longer try a product called eggstrafresh®. It will help provide increased freshness of all of your foods by reducing oxidation and retaining moisture. Oxidation and moisture loss are the 2 leading factors that foster mold, bacteria, nasty odors and rapid food spoilage. Additionally, eggstrafresh® will improve the taste, flavor, texture and natural color of all of your foods in both the refrigerator and pantry. Visit http://www.eggstrafresh.com to learn more about this revolutionary scientific breakthrough.
Concepts to Better Breeding
When asked what they like most about breeding, majority of rooster-raisers would say it’s the joy of coming out with a winner by their own design. Acquire as much information as you can about gamefowl breeding before even buying a single rooster.
Start by visiting some experienced cockers and observing methods of raising gamefowl. You can also learn so much from readily available reading materials and videos on the subject. If you’re an internet user, a number of good websites about cockfighting can provide some of the information that you need and you can also meet cockers and friends from all parts of the world who could be more than willing to share their knowledge and experiences.
Start within your budget and with the right planning.
Plan your breeding within the limits of your time and budget. As time goes on, you can keep your numbers down through selective breeding and hatching. And you must be willing to cull any defective or inferior birds. Huge farm is not a must to raise quality gamefowls. Quality is more important than quantity. Prepare your yard and have some housing ready for them.
Start with the right broodstocks.
It is said that “the end justify the means”, but, although this may be true at some extent, in gamefowl breeding the end result comes a little bit longer than others that you can not just try any means for a shooting-an-arrow-in-the-dark end. Veteran rooster-raisers always say that gamefowl breeding becomes very expensive and wasteful when you start with cheap brood stocks. That is cheap in every sense of the word.
The first rule is to make sure that what you are breeding is the right stuff or close to it. In choosing a good brood stock, one must take into consideration the following steps:
a) Scout for winning bloodlines of breeders who have established names in the field or breeders who are on a winning streak;
b) Choose which bloodline do you intend to produce;
c) If possible, find out the family tree of your preferred bloodline;
d) Try to seek the best source of the brood stocks that you need;
e) When you have identified the best source try to get from him the best that he got, even if you have to pay more;
One thing in common among those who became successful in gamefowl breeding is the fact that they all placed considerable investment on their brood stocks.
Partners Peter Uy & Joseph Choa never leave any stone unturned when they are buying seed fowls in the United States. Tukaan producer-host Emoy Gorgonia revealed that if Peter & Joseph are offered a broodcock priced at $1,500, they would simply offer back $2,000 for a better one or an ever higher amount for a rooster that is supposedly not for sale. They look not for the physical features, but for a rooster’s potential to produce winners. Today, the partner’s farm in Antipolo City is one of most preferred source of brood stocks locally.
A good example of someone who started it right, although, he admits that he had to spend more than a million peso as “tuition fee” before he learned his lessons is Sonny Lagon. With only four years of serious breeding behind him, Lagon has earned his place among the country’s finest game fowl breeders. When he found out the right source of the brood stocks that he needed, Bruce Barnette of Alabama, Sonny immediately made his move. During one of his early visits to Barnette’s farm, Lagon wanted to buy a particular rooster, but, was told that it was not for sale. When Sonny insisted, Barnette jokingly told him that he would only let go of the rooster for $5,000. Right there and then, Sonny handed Bruce $5,000. The rooster may not be worth that much, however, Sonny was able to earn Barnette’s attention, trust and later on, friendship.
There are those who had been in the breeding business for years, but never got off the ground. Why? Because they started with the wrong or untested brood stocks. They probably got bargain seed fowls in the beginning, but ended up spending more and losing their investments in the long run. And in game fowl breeding or in any endeavor, something that is started wrong can never be made right.
Important things that you should know
a) Strain – a strain is a family of gamebirds that have the same physical characteristics and easily recognizable traits that make them different from the others and they must also have the ability to reproduce themselves to be considered a strain. Basically, all gamefowl breeds are man made designs that first stem from the Wild Red Jungle Fowl of Southeast Asia (the local labuyo perhaps). Through selective breeding, we now have the birds we see today. Creating a strain is the result of one man’s vision. It is developed through selective breeding, for many generations with a single family.
b) Single breeding – a cock bred with a single hen or rotating that cock with three or four hens that are individually penned.
c) Group breeding – is breeding a cock with a group of hens. It is similar to flock breeding except a smaller amount of hens are bred to only oen cock at a time.
Specialize in only one or two breeds at the most.
The first thing to consider when you aim to be a breeder of fine quality gamefowl is to specialize in one or two breeds at the most. This could be done through line breeding, inbreeding, out-crossing, semi-outcrossing and infusion.
a) Line Breeding – is the most common form of maintaining a strain. This is when a cock is bred to his mother, grand-mother or even his great-grandmother or if a pullet is bred to her father, grandfather or her great-grandfather. Breeding to their aunts, uncles or even to their cousins will also work.
b) Inbreeding – is the breeding of brother to sister. It is important when you need to accentuate or lock in the good genes or traits of your strain.
c) Out-crossing – is when you bring in new blood. The main purpose of out-crossing is to produce battlecocks. These are the ones that you’re going to fight or sell.
d) Hybrid vigor –the main reason for out-crossing is to establish a high degree of Hybrid vigor. To breed an individual that is better, faster, stronger, smarter and gamer than his parents is the result of hybrid vigor.
Sex of a chick is not a cocks’ fault.
A cock has thirty-nine pairs of chromosomes composed of one pair of sex chromosome and thirty-eight pairs of autonomic chromosomes, while, a hen has one sex chromosome instead of a pair. A cock gives a sex chromosome to every fertilized egg, but a hen gives her sex chromosome to maybe 50% of the fertilized eggs she lay. If the fertilized egg receives sex chromosomes from both the cock and the hen, it will hatch to be a stag (male), but if the egg only has a sex chromosome from the cock, it will hatch out to be a pullet (female).
Remember that as much as possible, always keep youth to one side of the breeding. Breed a proven hen, which is at least two years old, to a young brood cock and vice-versa.
With this information, I guess you can now start in gamefowl breeding. Of course, be sure to provide your birds with the best nutrition and health care available. A comprehensive vaccination program is a must considering that game birds are very susceptible to a wide range of avian pests and poultry diseases.
Lastly, keep track of each chick’s ancestry by keeping good records, giving each brood cock or brood hen its own identification code and marking each of their chicks with the identity off the breeding that produced it. This can be done with toe punching and nose marking, then later with wing and legbands. Through, this you’ll be able to identify which pair of breeding to continue with or to stop.
Start by visiting some experienced cockers and observing methods of raising gamefowl. You can also learn so much from readily available reading materials and videos on the subject. If you’re an internet user, a number of good websites about cockfighting can provide some of the information that you need and you can also meet cockers and friends from all parts of the world who could be more than willing to share their knowledge and experiences.
Start within your budget and with the right planning.
Plan your breeding within the limits of your time and budget. As time goes on, you can keep your numbers down through selective breeding and hatching. And you must be willing to cull any defective or inferior birds. Huge farm is not a must to raise quality gamefowls. Quality is more important than quantity. Prepare your yard and have some housing ready for them.
Start with the right broodstocks.
It is said that “the end justify the means”, but, although this may be true at some extent, in gamefowl breeding the end result comes a little bit longer than others that you can not just try any means for a shooting-an-arrow-in-the-dark end. Veteran rooster-raisers always say that gamefowl breeding becomes very expensive and wasteful when you start with cheap brood stocks. That is cheap in every sense of the word.
The first rule is to make sure that what you are breeding is the right stuff or close to it. In choosing a good brood stock, one must take into consideration the following steps:
a) Scout for winning bloodlines of breeders who have established names in the field or breeders who are on a winning streak;
b) Choose which bloodline do you intend to produce;
c) If possible, find out the family tree of your preferred bloodline;
d) Try to seek the best source of the brood stocks that you need;
e) When you have identified the best source try to get from him the best that he got, even if you have to pay more;
One thing in common among those who became successful in gamefowl breeding is the fact that they all placed considerable investment on their brood stocks.
Partners Peter Uy & Joseph Choa never leave any stone unturned when they are buying seed fowls in the United States. Tukaan producer-host Emoy Gorgonia revealed that if Peter & Joseph are offered a broodcock priced at $1,500, they would simply offer back $2,000 for a better one or an ever higher amount for a rooster that is supposedly not for sale. They look not for the physical features, but for a rooster’s potential to produce winners. Today, the partner’s farm in Antipolo City is one of most preferred source of brood stocks locally.
A good example of someone who started it right, although, he admits that he had to spend more than a million peso as “tuition fee” before he learned his lessons is Sonny Lagon. With only four years of serious breeding behind him, Lagon has earned his place among the country’s finest game fowl breeders. When he found out the right source of the brood stocks that he needed, Bruce Barnette of Alabama, Sonny immediately made his move. During one of his early visits to Barnette’s farm, Lagon wanted to buy a particular rooster, but, was told that it was not for sale. When Sonny insisted, Barnette jokingly told him that he would only let go of the rooster for $5,000. Right there and then, Sonny handed Bruce $5,000. The rooster may not be worth that much, however, Sonny was able to earn Barnette’s attention, trust and later on, friendship.
There are those who had been in the breeding business for years, but never got off the ground. Why? Because they started with the wrong or untested brood stocks. They probably got bargain seed fowls in the beginning, but ended up spending more and losing their investments in the long run. And in game fowl breeding or in any endeavor, something that is started wrong can never be made right.
Important things that you should know
a) Strain – a strain is a family of gamebirds that have the same physical characteristics and easily recognizable traits that make them different from the others and they must also have the ability to reproduce themselves to be considered a strain. Basically, all gamefowl breeds are man made designs that first stem from the Wild Red Jungle Fowl of Southeast Asia (the local labuyo perhaps). Through selective breeding, we now have the birds we see today. Creating a strain is the result of one man’s vision. It is developed through selective breeding, for many generations with a single family.
b) Single breeding – a cock bred with a single hen or rotating that cock with three or four hens that are individually penned.
c) Group breeding – is breeding a cock with a group of hens. It is similar to flock breeding except a smaller amount of hens are bred to only oen cock at a time.
Specialize in only one or two breeds at the most.
The first thing to consider when you aim to be a breeder of fine quality gamefowl is to specialize in one or two breeds at the most. This could be done through line breeding, inbreeding, out-crossing, semi-outcrossing and infusion.
a) Line Breeding – is the most common form of maintaining a strain. This is when a cock is bred to his mother, grand-mother or even his great-grandmother or if a pullet is bred to her father, grandfather or her great-grandfather. Breeding to their aunts, uncles or even to their cousins will also work.
b) Inbreeding – is the breeding of brother to sister. It is important when you need to accentuate or lock in the good genes or traits of your strain.
c) Out-crossing – is when you bring in new blood. The main purpose of out-crossing is to produce battlecocks. These are the ones that you’re going to fight or sell.
d) Hybrid vigor –the main reason for out-crossing is to establish a high degree of Hybrid vigor. To breed an individual that is better, faster, stronger, smarter and gamer than his parents is the result of hybrid vigor.
Sex of a chick is not a cocks’ fault.
A cock has thirty-nine pairs of chromosomes composed of one pair of sex chromosome and thirty-eight pairs of autonomic chromosomes, while, a hen has one sex chromosome instead of a pair. A cock gives a sex chromosome to every fertilized egg, but a hen gives her sex chromosome to maybe 50% of the fertilized eggs she lay. If the fertilized egg receives sex chromosomes from both the cock and the hen, it will hatch to be a stag (male), but if the egg only has a sex chromosome from the cock, it will hatch out to be a pullet (female).
Remember that as much as possible, always keep youth to one side of the breeding. Breed a proven hen, which is at least two years old, to a young brood cock and vice-versa.
With this information, I guess you can now start in gamefowl breeding. Of course, be sure to provide your birds with the best nutrition and health care available. A comprehensive vaccination program is a must considering that game birds are very susceptible to a wide range of avian pests and poultry diseases.
Lastly, keep track of each chick’s ancestry by keeping good records, giving each brood cock or brood hen its own identification code and marking each of their chicks with the identity off the breeding that produced it. This can be done with toe punching and nose marking, then later with wing and legbands. Through, this you’ll be able to identify which pair of breeding to continue with or to stop.
A knowledge About Poultry Hatcheries
one that even owners of poultry hatcheries probably could not answer. But if you are intrigued by chickens, and you are looking to earn a living from them, then you are going to need to know every thing you can about chickens and their eggs. The good news is that we have developed the Complete Chickens and Hatchery Resource Guide that can answer most if not all of your questions about poultry hatcheries.
In this guide, you will find a lot of important information on how to maximize your egg production, how to produce clean, hatchable eggs, the prevention of poultry disease, and much, much more. For example, did you know that nest litter should be changed at least once a week in order to prevent dirty and contaminated eggs? Were you also aware that dark nesting conditions will cause your chickens to brood and stop laying eggs? Were you aware that eggs that are going to be incubated should be clean, fresh nest eggs? If you have already own a breeder flock, you probably do.
But if you are new to the business, or if just aren't happy with the number of eggs and chicks that your hens are producing, than you definitely want to read this guide. We can tell you how to set up your chicken house and hatcheries in order to obtain the maximum yield from your chickens. We can also help you to avoid problems like eggs that have dried out from lack of enough humidity, embryos that did not receive their nutrients in a uniform manner, or chicks that have stuck to the inner membrane. These are all conditions that can happen if the eggs are not turned properly or often enough. You will also learn how to regulate the oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the eggs to prevent the newly forming chicks from suffocating.
Every page contains important information about poultry disease and how to help keep your chickens from contracting it, what to do if there is an infestation, as well as all of the important sterility issues critical for maximum egg production and happy chickens. You will learn how large a nest should be and how important it is to have the tiers at just the right height from the ground. You will also discover the proper regulation of incubators, and the reasons you need a hatcher. Don't take chicken farming for granted. To be a success at raising chickens, you need to know the facts.
In this guide, you will find a lot of important information on how to maximize your egg production, how to produce clean, hatchable eggs, the prevention of poultry disease, and much, much more. For example, did you know that nest litter should be changed at least once a week in order to prevent dirty and contaminated eggs? Were you also aware that dark nesting conditions will cause your chickens to brood and stop laying eggs? Were you aware that eggs that are going to be incubated should be clean, fresh nest eggs? If you have already own a breeder flock, you probably do.
But if you are new to the business, or if just aren't happy with the number of eggs and chicks that your hens are producing, than you definitely want to read this guide. We can tell you how to set up your chicken house and hatcheries in order to obtain the maximum yield from your chickens. We can also help you to avoid problems like eggs that have dried out from lack of enough humidity, embryos that did not receive their nutrients in a uniform manner, or chicks that have stuck to the inner membrane. These are all conditions that can happen if the eggs are not turned properly or often enough. You will also learn how to regulate the oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the eggs to prevent the newly forming chicks from suffocating.
Every page contains important information about poultry disease and how to help keep your chickens from contracting it, what to do if there is an infestation, as well as all of the important sterility issues critical for maximum egg production and happy chickens. You will learn how large a nest should be and how important it is to have the tiers at just the right height from the ground. You will also discover the proper regulation of incubators, and the reasons you need a hatcher. Don't take chicken farming for granted. To be a success at raising chickens, you need to know the facts.
Preventing And Controlling
The major issue faced by most poultry owners is disease. Avian flu is one such disease that can hit quite hard and kill the birds at one go, causing loss of expense and effort.
Poultry can be affected by disease in many ways, through the dirty shoes of people who walk in, tires of vehicles, dirty cages and through other animals such as dogs, cats and pigs.
The first preventive measure would be to keep poultry separated from livestock, and since chicken are sensitive, keep them separated from ducks, geese and other birds. Ducks can become affected with avian flu and show no symptoms and carry it on to the chickens. Keep the poultry away from water containing bird droppings.
Keeping the farm isolated by not allowing too many visitors to the farm and ensuring all the vehicles are left outside the farm and if vehicles have to enter, then there should be a facility to get the tires washed at the farm entrance. Workers who need to come in to take care of the birds, should be given separate footwear near the entrance. Any cages or equipment coming from outside should be washed thoroughly.
Dead birds can pose a huge problem to other birds if not discarded immediately in a proper manner. They can be placed in either a plastic bag or a carcass bag and disposed off, either by reporting their death to the concerned authorities, burying them or burning them. Even sick birds should be sent to the veterinary physician immediately.
Ensure a high level of hygiene in the farm. It is a good idea to keep the nose and mouth covered when sneezing and taking even more care when people have cold. Wash all farm equipment including cages, pens and other containers at least once a week. When new poultry is bought, it is necessary to keep them away from the existing flock for a couple of weeks just to ensure they are healthy.
The first thing is to be able to detect avian flu and there are several signs to look for in the birds, beginning with the most obvious, such as loss of appetite, inability to stand and diarrhea. There are other not so obvious signs, such as droopiness, swelling of the head, blood from the nose, less egg production and eggs with soft shells.
If there is an outbreak of avian flu in the neighborhood, it is a good idea to increase all the preventive measures and not to visit other farms as well as not bringing any new birds.
Preventive measures can be taken by ensuring cleanliness and providing utmost care to the birds, if you do not want to see your investment going down the drain.
Poultry can be affected by disease in many ways, through the dirty shoes of people who walk in, tires of vehicles, dirty cages and through other animals such as dogs, cats and pigs.
The first preventive measure would be to keep poultry separated from livestock, and since chicken are sensitive, keep them separated from ducks, geese and other birds. Ducks can become affected with avian flu and show no symptoms and carry it on to the chickens. Keep the poultry away from water containing bird droppings.
Keeping the farm isolated by not allowing too many visitors to the farm and ensuring all the vehicles are left outside the farm and if vehicles have to enter, then there should be a facility to get the tires washed at the farm entrance. Workers who need to come in to take care of the birds, should be given separate footwear near the entrance. Any cages or equipment coming from outside should be washed thoroughly.
Dead birds can pose a huge problem to other birds if not discarded immediately in a proper manner. They can be placed in either a plastic bag or a carcass bag and disposed off, either by reporting their death to the concerned authorities, burying them or burning them. Even sick birds should be sent to the veterinary physician immediately.
Ensure a high level of hygiene in the farm. It is a good idea to keep the nose and mouth covered when sneezing and taking even more care when people have cold. Wash all farm equipment including cages, pens and other containers at least once a week. When new poultry is bought, it is necessary to keep them away from the existing flock for a couple of weeks just to ensure they are healthy.
The first thing is to be able to detect avian flu and there are several signs to look for in the birds, beginning with the most obvious, such as loss of appetite, inability to stand and diarrhea. There are other not so obvious signs, such as droopiness, swelling of the head, blood from the nose, less egg production and eggs with soft shells.
If there is an outbreak of avian flu in the neighborhood, it is a good idea to increase all the preventive measures and not to visit other farms as well as not bringing any new birds.
Preventive measures can be taken by ensuring cleanliness and providing utmost care to the birds, if you do not want to see your investment going down the drain.
Its dangerous : Hsus Can be Hazardous to your Health
I strongly believe that most gamefowl receive quality care rivaling that of animal performers. The farmer’s wife who has a small flock of chickens typically will feed her birds some scratch and table scraps, and maybe a few laying pellets. The elderly man down the road that keeps a single rooster because he misses hearing the roosters crow from his childhood probably feeds his pet rooster some corn, maybe some leftover oatmeal and toast from breakfast and whatever else he decides to throw in there. Your commercial poultry farmers feed their poultry a mixture of grains that are ground up into meal and while the nutrition level is acceptable, the gizzard is not doing what it was intended to do because the food is already ground.
On the other side of the coin, gamefowl enthusiasts take painstaking efforts to custom mix a properly balanced ration. Sparing no expense we add corn, oats, pellets, barley and a hodgepodge of other grains that makes a feed mixture so complex that most of us can’t remember it, we have to carry a piece of paper with the recipe. In addition to this we also give our fowl supplements on a regular basis, whether it be a grape, a few mealworms, a peck or two of tuna, or maybe some crushed boiled egg.
A large percentage of gamefowl enthusiasts are members of the National Poultry Improvement Plan. Voluntarily submitting our fowl to tests so that we can insure that the most dreaded of diseases are not present on our farms. Many of us learn to do post mortem examinations on our fowl so that we can try to get to the bottom of it, should one pass for unexplained reasons. We treat for worms and mites diligently, and clean our pens regularly. In the hottest of weather we water multiple times per day, and in the coldest of weather we brave the weather several times a day to go outside and check our fowl.
Now, in spite of this, we have been blamed for the spread of every disease known to fowl, including Avian Influenza. Presently, if one of us were to find such a disease in our flock, it would be dealt with quickly, if not through NPIP testing, then at least through the fact that we so diligently inspect our flock daily. If we find a problem with our fowl that we don’t recognize, we quickly contact a fellow poultry man, a veterinarian, the local extension office, or maybe post on a forum.
If it were illegal to own gamefowl, all that would change. We could not participate in NPIP for obvious reasons. We could not speak with the county agent about poultry concerns, or a veterinarian for that matter. The gamefowl forums would be less used because so many would part with their fowl, and others would be afraid to admit that they owned gamefowl. In short, we would be forced to take our fowl “underground”.
We would have access to a smaller array of health care needs, such as dietary supplements and antibiotics. Gamecock specific feeds would no longer be marketed. All of this due to the diminished business due to the lower gamefowl population, and the secrecy involved.
The end result would be that gamefowl would no longer be cared for as well as they are today. This, of course, would lead to the current propaganda regarding the spreading of disease, to some extent, becoming truth.
While I don’t agree with the views of animal rights organizations regarding the illegalization of cockfighting, I can at least understand where their beliefs come from. Much of it comes from misconceptions about the sport, and while I know that these are misconceptions, to the uneducated person, they can easily sound like truth. So their lobby for the illegalization is understood by me, but not supported. They, however, don’t plan to stop there.
They have also lobbied for it to be illegal to ship gamefowl across state lines for the purpose of fighting. Again, I can understand this plan, even if I disagree with it. What I cannot understand is why some people believe that shipping any chicken is probable cause to accuse the sending and receiving parties of violating this law. If this is allowed to continue, almost all poultry breeders cease to ship fowl, in fear of trumped up charges. If this happens then the potential income of breeders drops significantly, as does his financial ability to offer his fowl the best care available. Again, I am not only referring to gamefowl here, but all fowl in general.
Of course if these organizations have their way, it will not stop at harassment of people shipping poultry, but will also include interrogation of anyone found transporting poultry in their vehicle. I am waiting for the day that I hear of a roadblock at some state line where police are checking vehicles for contraband chickens.
Another of the goals is to make it illegal to own gamefowl. Maybe they aren’t aware that gamefowl produce meat and eggs just like all other chickens. They may not lay as many eggs per year as a leghorn, but their egg production is certainly adequate. While their feed to meat conversion does not rival that of cornish rock crosses, they do produce a good quality meat. In my opinion, even if cockfighting were abolished throughout the world, gamefowl would still be the ideal breed to own. Meat and egg production are adequate, game hens make the best mothers and are quite broody, they do well on free range because they are athletic enough to escape many predators, they require less feed because they are such efficient foragers, and they are among the most beautiful of breeds known to man.
Animal rights groups want to hear none of this, though. They want gamefowl to be extinct. How can these groups say they are fighting for animal rights, if they are trying to deny gamefowl the right to exist? Of course they deny this goal, but if it is illegal to own them, they cannot survive. Even if they were all released into the wild, the majority of males would kill each other within the first few hours, additionally any man finding a wild flock of gamefowl on his land would hastily kill them, in fear of finding himself behind bars for having them on his land. This would lead to extinction.
On another note, it is their goal to have all dogs and cats spayed or neutered. I would love to hear their explanation of how they expect the species to NOT become extinct if all of them are spayed or neutered. I am guessing that their response would be that not all of them should be spayed or neutered, just most of them, and that if a certain number were left intact, they would be able to provide enough pets for everyone.
So, who will decide which people are to leave their animals intact and corner the market on pets? These people undoubtedly would be able to demand a higher price for their animals, since the supply is so low. This would lead to the breeders becoming wealthy, and only the wealthy being able to afford a pet (translated as people who can afford to make financial contributions to these animal rights group’s). Should it ever be made law that in order to keep a pet intact, a person must have some sort of license to breed dogs or cats, who would decide who gets the licenses and becomes wealthy? I am sure HSUS would be up to the challenge. But what would be the qualifications for the license to breed pets (translated as license to become wealthy)? Would HSUS members and donors be near the top of the list? Would such a situation be in violation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act? I think it would.
What it boils down to is the almighty dollar. They lobbied for money to make cockfighting illegal but the donations didn’t come in fast enough. Their next step was to write a cockfighting fact sheet that is about as close to the truth as the story about Goldilocks and the three bears, but it pulled heart strings and donations started to flow better. Eventually they saw that they had almost attained their goals of making cockfighting illegal in every state, thus slowing the donations coming from the anti-cockfighting people, so they needed a new plan. This was to lobby for banning of interstate transport of gamecocks for fighting purposes, now that has been accomplished, so they post a $5,000 reward for information leading to the conviction of a cockfighter, just posting this reward, in the minds of some, validates that cockfighting still runs rampant and more donations are needed to fund the rewards. I wonder what their next ploy will be?
I will close this post here, while I know I have only touched the tip of the iceberg on this subject, there is far too much to cover in a single post. We must learn to cooperate, each of us must contribute to our cause, and we must mount a strong offense if we want to stop the hijacking of our culture and our heritage. I offer my plea to each and every one of you to help in this fight for the rights of our noble fowl.
On the other side of the coin, gamefowl enthusiasts take painstaking efforts to custom mix a properly balanced ration. Sparing no expense we add corn, oats, pellets, barley and a hodgepodge of other grains that makes a feed mixture so complex that most of us can’t remember it, we have to carry a piece of paper with the recipe. In addition to this we also give our fowl supplements on a regular basis, whether it be a grape, a few mealworms, a peck or two of tuna, or maybe some crushed boiled egg.
A large percentage of gamefowl enthusiasts are members of the National Poultry Improvement Plan. Voluntarily submitting our fowl to tests so that we can insure that the most dreaded of diseases are not present on our farms. Many of us learn to do post mortem examinations on our fowl so that we can try to get to the bottom of it, should one pass for unexplained reasons. We treat for worms and mites diligently, and clean our pens regularly. In the hottest of weather we water multiple times per day, and in the coldest of weather we brave the weather several times a day to go outside and check our fowl.
Now, in spite of this, we have been blamed for the spread of every disease known to fowl, including Avian Influenza. Presently, if one of us were to find such a disease in our flock, it would be dealt with quickly, if not through NPIP testing, then at least through the fact that we so diligently inspect our flock daily. If we find a problem with our fowl that we don’t recognize, we quickly contact a fellow poultry man, a veterinarian, the local extension office, or maybe post on a forum.
If it were illegal to own gamefowl, all that would change. We could not participate in NPIP for obvious reasons. We could not speak with the county agent about poultry concerns, or a veterinarian for that matter. The gamefowl forums would be less used because so many would part with their fowl, and others would be afraid to admit that they owned gamefowl. In short, we would be forced to take our fowl “underground”.
We would have access to a smaller array of health care needs, such as dietary supplements and antibiotics. Gamecock specific feeds would no longer be marketed. All of this due to the diminished business due to the lower gamefowl population, and the secrecy involved.
The end result would be that gamefowl would no longer be cared for as well as they are today. This, of course, would lead to the current propaganda regarding the spreading of disease, to some extent, becoming truth.
While I don’t agree with the views of animal rights organizations regarding the illegalization of cockfighting, I can at least understand where their beliefs come from. Much of it comes from misconceptions about the sport, and while I know that these are misconceptions, to the uneducated person, they can easily sound like truth. So their lobby for the illegalization is understood by me, but not supported. They, however, don’t plan to stop there.
They have also lobbied for it to be illegal to ship gamefowl across state lines for the purpose of fighting. Again, I can understand this plan, even if I disagree with it. What I cannot understand is why some people believe that shipping any chicken is probable cause to accuse the sending and receiving parties of violating this law. If this is allowed to continue, almost all poultry breeders cease to ship fowl, in fear of trumped up charges. If this happens then the potential income of breeders drops significantly, as does his financial ability to offer his fowl the best care available. Again, I am not only referring to gamefowl here, but all fowl in general.
Of course if these organizations have their way, it will not stop at harassment of people shipping poultry, but will also include interrogation of anyone found transporting poultry in their vehicle. I am waiting for the day that I hear of a roadblock at some state line where police are checking vehicles for contraband chickens.
Another of the goals is to make it illegal to own gamefowl. Maybe they aren’t aware that gamefowl produce meat and eggs just like all other chickens. They may not lay as many eggs per year as a leghorn, but their egg production is certainly adequate. While their feed to meat conversion does not rival that of cornish rock crosses, they do produce a good quality meat. In my opinion, even if cockfighting were abolished throughout the world, gamefowl would still be the ideal breed to own. Meat and egg production are adequate, game hens make the best mothers and are quite broody, they do well on free range because they are athletic enough to escape many predators, they require less feed because they are such efficient foragers, and they are among the most beautiful of breeds known to man.
Animal rights groups want to hear none of this, though. They want gamefowl to be extinct. How can these groups say they are fighting for animal rights, if they are trying to deny gamefowl the right to exist? Of course they deny this goal, but if it is illegal to own them, they cannot survive. Even if they were all released into the wild, the majority of males would kill each other within the first few hours, additionally any man finding a wild flock of gamefowl on his land would hastily kill them, in fear of finding himself behind bars for having them on his land. This would lead to extinction.
On another note, it is their goal to have all dogs and cats spayed or neutered. I would love to hear their explanation of how they expect the species to NOT become extinct if all of them are spayed or neutered. I am guessing that their response would be that not all of them should be spayed or neutered, just most of them, and that if a certain number were left intact, they would be able to provide enough pets for everyone.
So, who will decide which people are to leave their animals intact and corner the market on pets? These people undoubtedly would be able to demand a higher price for their animals, since the supply is so low. This would lead to the breeders becoming wealthy, and only the wealthy being able to afford a pet (translated as people who can afford to make financial contributions to these animal rights group’s). Should it ever be made law that in order to keep a pet intact, a person must have some sort of license to breed dogs or cats, who would decide who gets the licenses and becomes wealthy? I am sure HSUS would be up to the challenge. But what would be the qualifications for the license to breed pets (translated as license to become wealthy)? Would HSUS members and donors be near the top of the list? Would such a situation be in violation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act? I think it would.
What it boils down to is the almighty dollar. They lobbied for money to make cockfighting illegal but the donations didn’t come in fast enough. Their next step was to write a cockfighting fact sheet that is about as close to the truth as the story about Goldilocks and the three bears, but it pulled heart strings and donations started to flow better. Eventually they saw that they had almost attained their goals of making cockfighting illegal in every state, thus slowing the donations coming from the anti-cockfighting people, so they needed a new plan. This was to lobby for banning of interstate transport of gamecocks for fighting purposes, now that has been accomplished, so they post a $5,000 reward for information leading to the conviction of a cockfighter, just posting this reward, in the minds of some, validates that cockfighting still runs rampant and more donations are needed to fund the rewards. I wonder what their next ploy will be?
I will close this post here, while I know I have only touched the tip of the iceberg on this subject, there is far too much to cover in a single post. We must learn to cooperate, each of us must contribute to our cause, and we must mount a strong offense if we want to stop the hijacking of our culture and our heritage. I offer my plea to each and every one of you to help in this fight for the rights of our noble fowl.
The Frozen Duck and Poultry Market
The frozen duck and poultry market is developing one. The western culture has made an inroad into these countries, so now there is consciousness for frozen food like frozen duck and poultry. Busy lifestyle of every people has increased the demand for convenience food. Usually frozen duck and poultry has been frozen immediately after the poultry and duck harvested.
Freezing stops bacterial growth. The complex chemical changes that cause deterioration of the meat, such as rancidity, are also slowed down considerably. Freezing meat can therefore preserve the meat in good condition and retain its wholesomeness and quality for long periods ranging from 6 months to a year depending on the kinds of meat. Upon thawing, the quality of the meat should be as acceptable to the consumer as the fresh product. Frozen meat and frozen poultry are convenient and ready for use straight from the refrigerator. You can be assured that the frozen meat that you buy is fresh, wholesome and safe.
The origin country of frozen duck is Thailand and china. Different restaurants and exporters offers large variety of frozen duck products like breast (skinon boneless BB & SBB), leg bone-in/ boneless, wings, paws, tongue, liver, gizzards etc. Frozen poultry basically origins in Thailand, China and South America. Various restaurants and exporters offers different products of frozen poultry like whole, griller type, breast (skinon boneless and skinless boneless BB & SBB), fillet (tendon-on, tendon less), legs (bone-in/ boneless), drumstick, wings, wingstick, paws, liver, wing tips, gizzards etc.
Frozen duck and frozen poultry are rapidly gaining a foothold throughout markets in North American, Europe and Australia as well as Asian countries. Their consistent tastes make it an obvious choice for the restaurant, retail, food service and processing sectors.
Siam Canadian is one of the industry leaders in sourcing and delivery of the highest quality frozen poultry meat like frozen duck and frozen chicken liver to major buyers worldwide. Siam Canadian currently supplies these items from Thailand, China, India, the Middle East, Argentina and South America.
Freezing stops bacterial growth. The complex chemical changes that cause deterioration of the meat, such as rancidity, are also slowed down considerably. Freezing meat can therefore preserve the meat in good condition and retain its wholesomeness and quality for long periods ranging from 6 months to a year depending on the kinds of meat. Upon thawing, the quality of the meat should be as acceptable to the consumer as the fresh product. Frozen meat and frozen poultry are convenient and ready for use straight from the refrigerator. You can be assured that the frozen meat that you buy is fresh, wholesome and safe.
The origin country of frozen duck is Thailand and china. Different restaurants and exporters offers large variety of frozen duck products like breast (skinon boneless BB & SBB), leg bone-in/ boneless, wings, paws, tongue, liver, gizzards etc. Frozen poultry basically origins in Thailand, China and South America. Various restaurants and exporters offers different products of frozen poultry like whole, griller type, breast (skinon boneless and skinless boneless BB & SBB), fillet (tendon-on, tendon less), legs (bone-in/ boneless), drumstick, wings, wingstick, paws, liver, wing tips, gizzards etc.
Frozen duck and frozen poultry are rapidly gaining a foothold throughout markets in North American, Europe and Australia as well as Asian countries. Their consistent tastes make it an obvious choice for the restaurant, retail, food service and processing sectors.
Siam Canadian is one of the industry leaders in sourcing and delivery of the highest quality frozen poultry meat like frozen duck and frozen chicken liver to major buyers worldwide. Siam Canadian currently supplies these items from Thailand, China, India, the Middle East, Argentina and South America.
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